Hegel och panteismen

Som vi sett menar Leander och Ryn att vad vi kaske kan kalla den metafysiska dualismen är en produkt av det reifierande tänkandet. Nu kan dualism av detta slag givetvis betyda många olika saker, och flera av dessa är utan tvekan problematiska. Den här relevanta metafysiska dualismen är givetvis endast en differentiering inom en större totalitet, såtillvida som i en mening monismen och panteismen följer ur själva det idealistiska begreppet om det absoluta.

Men för mitt syfte här är förenkling nödvändig. Den fråga man måste ställa sig är om den reella differentiering vi här talar om, den mest generella åtskillnaden mellan absolut och relativt, transcendent och immanent, realväsende och fenomen – och detta är inte samma disklusion, utan tre olika, om än relaterade – verkligen av samma typ som de pragmatiska, abstrakta fiktionerna? Är de inte tvärtom genuina, filosofiska begrepp i lika hög grad som de av Ryn behandlade, avspeglande än mer fundamentala permanenta strukturer hos verkligheten, ja t.o.m. hos erfarenheten när vi förstår dess möjliga omfatting?

Det förefaller mig som om orsaken till de värdecentrerade historicisternas och Babbitts motstånd mot den “metafysiska dualismen” beror endast på deras speciella uppfattning av dennas egentliga innebörd: de stannar helt enkelt vid dikotomin mellan enhet och mångfald, den odifferentierade statiska enheten och den föränderliga mångfalden, i annan tolkning än hos Parmenides och Herakleitos men ändå med en identifierabar kontinuitet från dem. Dessa måste förvisso betraktas som abstrakta reifikationer som dialektiskt upphävs i en erfarenhetsmässig syntes. Men den metafysiska dualismens polaritet kan också beskrivas och förstås på annat sätt.

Användningen av termen metafysisk här innebär som vi sett en avvikelse från den moderna idealismens terminologi, även den riktnings som jag primärt hänvisar till. Begreppet kritiserades av Grubbe som betecknande ett hos den dogmatiska realismen med dess transcendensbegrepp förenat och från detta oskiljaktigt, ohållbart antagande om en i alla avseenden utanför människans medvetande liggande verklighet. Intet av detta åsyftas emellertid här; det är en helt omotiverat begränsad definition. Som vi redan sett innebär även användningen av termen transcendens ett avsteg från denna idealism. Jag föreslår rentav att den distinktion som inom den traditionalistiska skolan, i linje med Guénons ursprungliga historiska begreppsutredningar, gjorts mellan filosofi och metafysik är fullt befogad, och vid ett val mellan dessa två (som dock inte alltid behöver göras) är min argumentation här entydigt metafysisk.

Avvikelsen gäller även termen dualism. Men överhuvudtaget gäller att det bara är min avsikt att modifiera terminologin, inte den begreppsliga förståelsen. Modifikationen syftar bl.a. till att tydliggöra den centrala punkt i den aktuella, särskilda formen av idealism, nämligen dess specifika kritik av panteismen – ännu ett begrepp med flera betydelser av vilka vissa måste accepteras och andra förkastas.

En betydelse som måste accepteras är alltså den som följer ur begreppet det absoluta. Pira talar korrekt om “systematisk monism”. Den idealistiska kritiken är inte densamma som den mytologisk-literalistiska exoterismens och teologins biblisk-teistiska dogmatiks, även om ekon av denna ofta präglar dess kulturellt anpassade formulering. Om Boström brukar dock sägas att han förutom för sin politiska konservatism var mest känd för sin radikalism när det gällde avvisandet av denna dogmatik; ifråga om den senare följde han de exempel hans föregångare i den svenska filosofiska traditionen, Höijer och Geijer, etablerat. I det större perspektivet är det dock inte den i vid mening idealistiska ståndpunkten som är radikal i betydelsen antitraditionell, utan snarare just den bibliska fundamentalismen, som huvudsakligen är ett modernt fenomen. Detta blir ännu tydligare om vi vänder oss till motsvarigheterna i de bortreorientaliska traditionerna. Som Keith Ward argumenterat var de bibliska myterna – och vi talar här primärt om Första Mosebokens – någonsin ens avsedda att förstås bokstavligt.

Användningen av den aristoteliska termen metafysik här förklaras på samma sätt som användningen av termen transcendens, som alltså varken är den dogmatiska eller det kantianska/kriticistiska. Jag använder den i samband med en dimension av det absoluta som totalitet, nämligen det absoluta som “realväsendet” eller”urväsende”, som liggande bortom den av de ändliga subjekten uppfattade fenomenella “världen”, såväl yttre som inre, och varande dennas grund. Det är denna som också är “transcendent” i förhållande till de ändliga subjektens fenomenella uppfattning, och kan ställas i motsats till det som ligger helt inom det senare som sådan, och i den meningen kan kallas “immanent”.

Leanders och Ryns försiktiga och välavvägda anammande av Croces dialektiska logik är relevant, plausibelt och hållbart inom den sfär där deras tänkande rör sig, d.v.s. såsom tillämpat på de “immanenta” processer – såväl den yttre verklighetens som den filosofiska förståelsens och den historiska kunskapens, om vi väljer att åtskilja dessa – och den fråga om universalitetens och partikularitetens förening som står i centrum för deras intresse. Dialektiken framstår här som sann om den i den mening jag kort antytt inte omfattar den mer fundamentala “metafysiska dualismen” sådan den måste förstås som del av vad Boström kallade “människans filosofi” som skild från “filosofin” i och för sig själv.

De värdecentrerade historicisternas reservationer gentemot Hegel är visserligen delvis desamma som de tidiga s.k. högerhegelianernas, som låg nära de s.k. “spekulativa” teisterna och den idealistiska personalisterna, och med dem kunde konvergera mot den kristna ortodoxins panteismkritik. De instämmer rörande faran av religiös hybris och “morally indiscriminate pantheism”. Dessa svagheter likställs emellertid på signifikativt sätt med Hegels “metaphysics”. Reservationerna mot Hegel är formulerade inte bara utifrån deras egen etiska dualism, utan också i viss mån – och här anar man främst Ryns inflytande – med hänsyn till den “religiösa” dualistiska transcendensförståelsens aversion mot den panteistiska immanentismen.

Men till övervägande del gäller reservationerna de etisk-monistiska aspekterna inte minst av Hegels estetik, eftersom detta delområde är centralt för deras egen analys av de imaginativa synteserna. De eftersträvar “a dialectical account of experience, one which absorbs what is valid in Hegel while rejecting pantheistic, monistic implications”: [Will, Imagination and Reason, 216.]

“The great aesthetic tradition had become impotent in Hegel’s version. He retained the insight that there is a kind of truth in art, but in the idealistic tradition with its strong pantheistic leanings, the complementary insight that false and illusory world-views are also held imaginatively was submerged. This promoted an uncritically tolerant attitude (like Coleridge’s view of Wordsworth). An omnium gatherum inclusiveness was cultivated. Hegel enumerated types and periods of art (Oriental, Classical, Modern or Romantic). He put them all on the same level and showed scant interest in evaluating the achievements within each period. Only very dimly did Hegel see that the moral will and the imagination develop together as man tries to move closer to reality. In as much as the absence of this idea is the ‘bankruptcy’ of post-mediaeval philosophy, as Babbitt says, the ‘central impotence’ of the Kantian system of which Babbitt speaks is also that of the Hegelian system: Hegel did not see that the imagination is a source of baleful falsehoods as well as truth, and he lacked a method for working one’s way out of the former toward the latter.” [Ibid. 193 f.]

Detta är en central del av den avgörande, mer allmänna kritiken av panteismen i dess problematiska betydelse, och det är en av den värdecentrerade historicismens främsta – babbittska – styrkor och definierande drag att den bevarar och upprätthåller detta kritiska, etisk- och värdedualistiska perspektiv i sitt bejakande av den croceanska moderna historicismen och dialektiken.

Jag skall återkomma till frågan huruvida dessa reservationer, och den typ av universalitetsmanifestation de förutsätter som det högsta, är tillräckliga för en mer allmän förståelse av förhållandet mellan humanistisk filosofi och adekvat definierad religion i ett senare avsnitt. Poängen här är att dessa i sig giltiga och viktiga reservationer alltså inte omfattar de filosofiska argument som den typ av “metafysik” som, om vi alltså får använda denna term, den rätta idealismen vill försvara anför gentemot Hegel, eftersom de begränsar sig till Babbitts klassicistiskt etiska nivå som, med det litet oklara undantaget för den partiella rynska öppningen ifråga om den högre viljans och den “inre bromsens” yttersta ursprung och den fulla innebörden av Babbitts meditation, tillhör “immanensen” i den här angivna meningen. Vi måste uppehålla oss något vid just denna poäng, eftersom vi i ljuset av den, i distansperspektivet av den ståndpunkt som nödvändiggör den, på avgörande sätt kan klargöra den värdecentrerade historicismens helhetliga väsen och innebörd.

George A. Panichas & Claes G. Ryn, eds: Irving Babbitt in Our Time

CUA Press, 1986

Front Flap:

panichas-rynWell before his death in 1933, Irving Babbitt had been internationally recognized as an American literary scholar and cultural thinker of unusual intellect, learning, and insight. Literature and life, he insisted, are indivisible. The study of literature must, in effect, become a discipline of ideas and imagination: a discipline that must distinguish between the significant and the insignificant, between literature with an ethical or moral center and literature subservient to the flux of relativism.

Babbitt’s admirers include Paul Elmer More, T. S. Eliot, Louis Mercier, Gordon Keith Chalmers, Walter Lippmann, and, in a later generation, Nathan Pusey, Walter Jackson Bate, and Peter Viereck. Among his critics are Edmund Wilson, Sinclair Lewis, H. L. Mencken, Ernest Hemingway, and Allen Tate. Although not always mentioned by name, Babbitt has remained a presence in American intellectual consciousness and literary criticism. Even his critics have been indelibly affected by his ideas.

Irving Babbitt in Our Time draws together the essays of ten recognized scholars for a reconsideration and critical reassessment of his work and to demonstrate Babbitt’s relevance to contemporary criticism.

Contents:

George A. Panichas & Claes G. Ryn: Introduction

Russell Kirk: The Enduring Influence of Irving Babbitt

George A. Panichas: Babbitt and Religion

Claes G. Ryn: Babbitt and the Problem of Reality

Folke Leander: Irving Babbitt and Benedetto Croce

Joseph Baldacchino: Babbitt and the Question of Ideology

Peter J. Stanlis: Babbitt, Burke and Rousseau: The Moral Nature of Man

T. John Jamieson: Babbitt and Maurras as Competing Influences on T. S. Eliot

Richard B. Hovey, Jr.: Babbitt and Contemporary Conservative Thought in America

Mary E. Slayton: Irving Babbitt: A Chronology of His Life and Major Works, 1865-1933

Joseph Baldacchino, ed.: Educating for Virtue

National Humanities Institute, 1988 (There are still problems with adding links here, but go to the publisher’s website or amazon and buy the book!)

Essays by Solveig Eggerz, Paul Gottfried, Russell Kirk, Claes G. Ryn, Peter Stanlis

Back Cover:

Baldacchino“If there is a single thread that runs through these essays, it is the recognition of a universal order that transcends the flux of human life and gives meaning to it. Insofar as men act in accordance with this order, they experience true happiness and are brought into community with others who are similarly motivated. But men are afflicted with contrary impulses that are destructive of universal order. When acted upon, these impulses bring suffering and a sense of meaninglessness and despair; the result is disintegration and conflict – within both the personality and society at large. Yet so tempting are the attactions of these impulses that they frequently prevail and must be taken into account in any realistic assessment of human affairs. This tension within the person between competing desires – the conflict between what Plato called the One and the Many – is the ultimate reality of human experience. To apprehend this reality, and to act in the light of the transcendent purpose with appropriate reverence and restraint, is the essence of wisdom; and to help deepen and strengthen this apprehension – through philosophy, history, literature, and the arts and sciences – is the overarching purpose of any education worthy of the name.”

From the Foreword [by Baldacchino]

Contents:

Claes G. Ryn: The Humanities and Moral Reality

Russell Kirk: The Ethical Purpose of Literary Studies

Paul Gottfried: Education and the American Political Tradition

Peter J. Stanlis: The Humanities in Secondary Education

Solveig Eggerz: Permanence and the History Curriculum

Claes Ryn om Sveriges kulturradikala experiment

Föreningen Heimdal publicerade nyligen på sin hemsida Claes Ryns kanske viktigaste artikel om Sverige någonsin, med rubriken Sveriges kulturradikala experiment. Artikeln torde nu också föreligga i tryckt form i tidskriften Heimdal.

“Som utlandssvensk med djupa rötter i Sverige tänker jag ofta på mitt gamla hemland. Min bild av dagens Sverige bygger på mångåriga iakttagelser och reflektioner. Huvudskälet till att jag här kommer att skriva ner vissa av mina intryck är en allt starkare känsla, att landet har allvarliga problem men att flera av dem egentligen inte diskuteras eller bara berörs ytligt i den tongivande debatten. Ett särskilt betänkligt missförhållande är att debatten blivit orimligt snäv, på något sätt låst sig. Behovet av nya perspektiv och frispråkighet förefaller mig akut. Att svenskar av gammalt är obenägna till mer än marginell självkritik medger även många i Sverige boende svenskar.

Jag har under större delen av mitt vuxna liv bott i Washington, D.C., där jag är professor i statskunskap. Eftersom min fru och jag bara har sommarbostad i Sverige, kommer jag att ha mindre att säga om det svenska vardagslivet än om utvecklingens huvuddrag. Hur jag uppfattar Sverige hänger delvis ihop med att jag i min akademiska gärning ägnat mig åt filosofi och idéhistoria såväl som statskunskap i snävare mening. Jag har också stor erfarenhet av andra länder, inklusive särskilt ett utanför västvärlden, Kina. Det borde ha sitt intresse för i Sverige boende svenskar hur en person ser på landet, som är en sorts utomstående men som känner samhörighet med Sverige och svenskarna och har rätt goda kvalifikationer för att göra en bedömning.

Syftet med denna artikel är inte att försöka teckna en nyanserad helhetsbild av Sverige. Jag avser att ta upp problem och svagheter, som synes mig iögonenfallande och olycksbådande. Denna betoning av avigsidor kan väcka olust hos läsaren. Jag bör väl också förvarna om att artikelns grundperspektiv av många kommer att uppfattas som ovant och förvånande och att mitt ifrågasättande av i Sverige djupt rotade och förmodat oantastliga synsätt kan utlösa irritation.”

Läs mer

Bradley J. Birzer: Russell Kirk

American Conservative

University Press of Kentucky, 2015

Amazon.com

Emerging from two decades of the Great Depression and the New Deal and facing the rise of radical ideologies abroad, the American Right seemed beaten, broken, and adrift in the early 1950s. Although conservative luminaries such as T. S. Eliot, William F. Buckley Jr., Leo Strauss, and Eric Voegelin all published important works at this time, none of their writings would match the influence of Russell Kirk’s 1953 masterpiece The Conservative Mind. This seminal book became the intellectual touchstone for a reinvigorated movement and began a sea change in Americans’ attitudes toward traditionalism.

In Russell Kirk, Bradley J. Birzer investigates the life and work of the man known as the founder of postwar conservatism in America. Drawing on papers and diaries that have only recently become available to the public, Birzer presents a thorough exploration of Kirk’s intellectual roots and development. The first to examine the theorist’s prolific writings on literature and culture, this magisterial study illuminates Kirk’s lasting influence on figures such as T. S. Eliot, William F. Buckley Jr., and Senator Barry Goldwater – who persuaded a reluctant Kirk to participate in his campaign for the presidency in 1964.

While several books examine the evolution of postwar conservatism and libertarianism, surprisingly few works explore Kirk’s life and thought in detail. This engaging biography not only offers a fresh and thorough assessment of one of America’s most influential thinkers but also reasserts his humane vision in an increasingly inhumane time.

Reviews:

“An extraordinary book. Birzer has written a capacious and deeply humane treatment of an important thinker, writer, and actor who has been largely forgotten by an America that once regarded him as a singular and important voice. This lively and fascinating book will be read and talked about.”  Patrick Deneen, author of Democratic Faith

“Bradley J. Birzer’s Russell Kirk will blow away the stereotypes of what it means to be a conservative in modern America. Kirk’s thinking is sharp, his writing is rich, and the fruits of his imagination retain their power to strike even the most skeptical of readers. Birzer has produced an essential introduction to this towering figure.”  Gary L. Gregg, Mitch McConnell Chair in Leadership, University of Louisville

Russell Kirk: American Conservative [is] a beautifully written and deeply insightful biography…Birzer traces the development of Kirk’s ideas, especially the influence Burke, Dawson, Eliot and (surprise) the political philosopher Leo Strauss. He explores Kirk’s concept of the transcendent, which moved from Stoicism to ‘full communion with the Catholic Church.’ And he considers Kirk’s forays in the public square, not least his association with Barry Goldwater, the 1964 presidential candidate.”  Wall Street Journal

“Given the confused and dispirited state of American conservatism at the present moment, it is high time for a Russell Kirk revival. The very thought of such a revival is appealing, even exhilarating, and the appearance of Bradley J. Birzer’s splendid and exhaustively researched biography of Kirk just might provide the catalyst needed to set it in motion.”  National Review

“Birzer covers it all, from Kirk’s family life and Catholic conversion to his disputes with Jaffa and other Straussians over the meaning of the Declaration of Independence…At last, we have the definitive book about this important, fascinating, and good man.”  Claremont Review

About the Author:

Bradley J. Birzer is Russell Amos Kirk Chair in American Studies and professor of history at Hillsdale College. He is also the second Visiting Scholar of Conservative Thought and Policy, Colorado University–Boulder. He is the author of American Cicero: The Life of Charles Carroll and Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson.

Peter Viereck: Metapolitics

From Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler

Transaction, 2003 (1941, with the subtitle ‘The Roots of the Nazi Mind’)

ViereckMore than half a century after the fall of the Third Reich, Nazism, its roots and its essential nature, remain a central and unresolved enigma of the twentieth century. During the period of Hitler’s ascendancy, most attempts at explaining this unprecedented phenomenon were framed in “economic”, often Marxist, sociological terms and concepts. Peter Viereck’s Metapolitics, initially published in 1941, broke with this convention by indicting Hitler in terms of the Judaic-Christian ethical tradition and locating certain elements of the Nazi worldview in German romantic poetry, music, and social thought. Newly expanded, Metapolitics remains a key work in the cultural interpretation of Nazism and totalitarianism and in the psychological interpretation of Hitler as a Wagnerite and failed artist.

The term “metapolitics”, a coinage from Richard Wagner’s nationalist circle, signifies an ideology resulting from five distinct strands: romanticism (embodied chiefly in the Wagnerian ethos), the pseudo-science of race, Fuehrer worship, vague economic socialism, and the alleged supernatural and unconscious force of the Volk collectivity. Together, those elements engendered an emphasis on irrationalism and hysteria and belief in a special German mission to direct the course of the world’s history.

Viereck analyzes nineteenth-century German thought’s conflicting attitudes toward political procedures and social arrangements rooted in classical, rational, legalistic, and Christian traditions. This edition includes an appreciation by Thomas Mann and an exchange with Jacques Barzun debating Viereck’s criticism of German romanticism. Viereck’s essays on the case of Albert Speer, on Claus von Stauffenberg (the German officer who led the army conspiracy to assassinate Hitler), and on the poets Stefan George and Georg Heym appear here for the first time in book form.

Reviews:

“Extraordinarily meritorious…a profound historical and psychological insight.”  Thomas Mann

“Viereck has given us a book that is as unconventional as it is pertinent, as courageous as it is brisk, as scholarly as it is streamlined…”  Boris Erich Nelson, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

“The best account of the intellectual origins of Nazism.”  Crane Brinton

“An important and original work.”  Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.

“This is an extremely important book.”  Joseph Harsch, Christian Science Monitor

About the Author:

Peter Viereck (1916-2006) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, critic, and historian. He held the Kenan Chair in History at Mount Holyoke College and was known as one of America’s early leaders of conservatism. He was the recipient of Guggenheim fellowships both in history and poetry. In addition to his contributions to Poetry Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly, his many books include Inner Liberty: The Stubborn Grit in the Machine and Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill.

JOB’s Comment:

See also my article on Viereck in Svensk Tidskrift 4-5, 1989, and Claes G. Ryn’s essay on him in Transaction’s edition of Conservatism Revisited.

Jonas Hansson & Svante Nordin: Ernst Cassirer – The Swedish Years

Peter Lang, 2006      Amazon.com

Back Cover:

Hansson NordinErnst Cassirer was professor in Göteborg from 1935 to 1941. This episode of his life is little known, even though the Swedish years were very important. During that time of political turmoil he wrote several books and most of the papers that are now being published posthumously.

This book – based on recently discovered sources – gives a detailed picture of Cassirer’s life and work in Sweden. It explains how he was invited to Sweden and why he became a Swedish citizen. The analyses show how Cassirer’s exchange with Swedish philosophers influenced his work and shed new light on his development during exile.

This study also contains an introduction by John Michael Krois, a chronology of the Swedish years and a description of the long lost manuscript of Das Erkenntnisproblem, volume four.

Contents:

John Michael Krois: Ernst Cassirer’s Philosophical Development in Sweden – An Unknown Chapter in Intellectual History

Preface

The Swedish Years

The Philosophical Scene in Sweden at Cassirer’s time

Konrad Marc-Wogau and the Logic of Symbolic Forms

Axel Hägerström and Uppsala Philosophy

Descartes and Queen Christina

Thomas Thorild and 18th Century Philosophy

Cassirer in Göteborg

Appendix 1: The Manuscript of Das Erkenntnisproblem, Volume 4

Appendix 2: Chronology

Appendix 3: Cassirer’s Lectures in Sweden

Appendix 4: Cssirer’s Lectures and Seminars at Göteborg 1935-1941

Appendix 5: Cassirer’s Academic Writings during his Swedish Years

Bibliography

About the Authors:

Jonas Hansson, born in 1967, is Lecturer in the History of Science and Ideas at the universities of Lund and Halmstad.

Svante Nordin, born in 1946, is Professor of the History of Science and Ideas at the University of Lund.

JOB’s Comment:

This book is of considerable importance for understanding the origins of value-centered historicism as developed by Claes Ryn and his teacher Folke Leander, inasmuch as it contains an extensive discussion of the relation between Leander and Cassirer, who supported Leander at Gothenburg against the representatives of the dominant trend of Swedish philosophy at the time. Leander was the only Swedish philosopher who contributed to the volume devoted to Cassirer in The Library of Living Philosophers in 1949.

Irving Babbitt: Character and Culture

Essays on East and West

With a new introduction by Claes G. Ryn and an index to all of Babbitt’s books

Transaction, 1995 (originally published as Spanish Character and Other Essays in 1940)

Publisher’s Description:

BabbittCharacter and Culture by Irving Babbitt is the latest volume in the Library of Conservative Thought. Babbitt was the leader of the twentieth-century intellectual and cultural movement called American Humanism or the New Humanism. More than half a century after his death his intellectual staying power remains undiminished. The qualities that marked Irving Babbitt as a thinker and cultural critic of the first rank are richly represented in Character and Culture. First published togetherin 1940 (under the misleading title Spanish Character), these essays span his scholarly career and cover a wide range of subjects. The diverse topics discussed here – aesthetics, ethics, religion, politics, literature – are illuminated by the same unifying vision of human existence that informs and structures all of Babbitt’s writing.

Babbitt never took up a subject out of idle curiosity. All of his books and articles grew out of a desire to address certain fundamental questions of life and letters. The essaysin this volume are as worthy of attention now as when they were originally written. Set in then- philosophical and historical context by Claes G. Ryn’s new introduction, they are a good place to start for persons who wish to acquaint themselves not only with Babbitt’s central ideas but with the scope of his mind and interests. Readers familiar with other books by Babbitt may recognize particular ideas and formulations but will also find much new material to ponder.

Ryn’s introduction provides a comprehensive look at Irving Babbitt’s life, career, writings, and influence. He shows how Babbitt has survived and sustained often harsh criticism from representatives of dominant trends. Ryn describes his writing style as having “a kind of rugged American elegance.” The substantial critical introduction also elucidates Babbitt’s central ideas in relation to the volume. Character and Culture will be of interest to scholars of literature, philosophers, historians, theologians, and political theorists. The extensive index to all of Babbitt’s books, including this one, increases the value of the volume.

Contents:

Introduction to the Transaction Edition

Lights and Shades of Spanish Character

Are the English Critical?

Matthew Arnold

Croce and the Philosophy of the Flux

Pascal

Racine and the Anti-Romantic Reaction

The Bicentenary of Diderot

George Sand and Flaubert

A Century of Indian Epigrams

Interpreting India to the West

The Problem of Style in a Democracy

Humanist and Specialist

President Eliot and American Education

What I Believe: Rousseau and Religion

Bibliography of the Publications of Irving Babbitt

Index to the Collected Works of Irving Babbitt

Irving Babbitt (Author):

Irving Babbitt (1865-1933) was professor of French literature at Harvard University. He is a noted literary critic who helped start the New Humanism movement in the early twentieth century. His numerous books include On Being Creative, The Masters of Modern French Criticism, and Literature and the American College.

Claes G. Ryn (New Introduction by):

Claes G. Ryn is professor of politics at the Catholic University of America where he was chairman of his department. He has taught also at the University of Virginia and Georgetown University. He is chairman of the National Humanities Institute and editor of the journal Humanitas. In 2000 he gave the Distinguished Foreign Scholar Lectures at Beijing University His many books include A Common Human Ground, Will, Imagination, and Reason (2nd., exp. ed. published by Transaction), and Democracy and the Ethical Life.

Peter Viereck: Conservatism Revisited

The Revolt Against Ideology

With a major new study of Peter Viereck and Conservatism by Claes G. Ryn

Transaction, 2005 (1949)

ViereckPeter Viereck, poet and historian, is one of the principle theoreticians of conservatism in modern American political thought. In this classic work, Viereck undertakes a penetrating and unorthodox analysis of that quintessential conservative, Prince Metternich, and offers evidence that cultural and political conservatism may perhaps be best adapted to sustain a free and reasonable society.

According to Viereck’s definition, conservatism is not the enemy of economic reform or social progress, nor is it the oppressive instrument of the privileged few. Although conservatism has been attacked from the left and often discredited by exploitation from the right, it remains the historic name for a point of view vital to contemporary society and culture. Divided into three parts, the book opens with a survey of conservatism in its cultural context of classicism and humanism. Rejecting the blind alley of reaction, Viereck calls for a discriminating set of principles that include preservation through reform, self-expression through self-restraint, a fruitful nostalgia for the permanent beneath the flux, and a preference for historical continuity over violent rupture.

Viereck locates our idea of Western political unity in Metternich’s Concert of Europe whose goal was a cosmopolitan Europe united in peace. This ideal was opposed by both the violent nationalism that resulted in Nazism and the socialist internationalism that became a tool of Soviet Russian expansionism. While not ignoring the extremely negative aspects of Metternich’s legacy, Viereck focuses on his attempts to tame the bellicosity of European nationalism and his little-known efforts to reform and modernize the Hapsburg Empire.

Reviews:

“This work is an excellent contribution to the study of post-WWII conservatism…Summing Up: Recommended. General readers and upper-division undergraduates and above.”  M. Coulter, Choice

“A brilliant essay in historical paradox. Mr. Viereck’s witty vindication of the responsible conservatism of the past opens up new sources of moral strength for the perilous present.”  Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.

Conservatism Revisited is a fine demonstration of historical interpretation.”  James Killian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

“Brief, meaty and brilliant…It is a thoroughly helpful and constructive book.”  Hans Kohn, historian and author of Force or Reason

About the Authors:

Peter Viereck (1916-2006) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, critic, and historian. He held the Kenan Chair in History at Mount Holyoke College and was known as one of America’s early leaders of conservatism. He was the recipient of Guggenheim fellowships both in history and poetry. In addition to his contributions to Poetry Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly, his many books include Inner Liberty: The Stubborn Grit in the Machine; Metapolitics: From Wagner and the German Romantics to Hitler; and Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill.

Claes G. Ryn is professor of politics at the Catholic University of America where he was chairman of his department. He has taught also at the University of Virginia and Georgetown University. He is chairman of the National Humanities Institute and editor of the journal Humanitas. In 2000 he gave the Distinguished Foreign Scholar Lectures at Beijing University His many books include A Common Human Ground, Will, Imagination, and Reason (2nd., exp. ed. published by Transaction), and Democracy and the Ethical Life.

Frederick C. Beiser: The German Historicist Tradition

Oxford University Press, 2011

– This is the first study of the subject to be written in English

– Introduces rarely-studied philosophers alongside major historical thinkers

– Explores the historical and cultural contexts of a striking intellectual tradition

– Illuminates its relevance to our modern understanding of the world

BeiserThis is the first full study in English of the German historicist tradition. Frederick C. Beiser surveys the major German thinkers on history from the middle of the eighteenth century until the early twentieth century, providing an introduction to each thinker and the main issues in interpreting and appraising his thought. The volume offers new interpretations of well-known philosophers such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Max Weber, and introduces others who are scarcely known at all, including J. A. Chladenius, Justus Möser, Heinrich Rickert, and Emil Lask. Beyond an exploration of the historical and intellectual context of each thinker, Beiser illuminates the sources and reasons for the movement of German historicism – one of the great revolutions in modern Western thought, and the source of our historical understanding of the human world.

Table of Contents:

Introduction: Concept and Context of Historicism

1  Chladenius and the New Science of History

2  Justus Möser and the Roots of Historicism

3  Herder’s Historicism, its Genesis and Development

4  Humboldt the Proteus

5  Savigny and the Historical School of Law

6  Ranke’s Romantic Philosophy

7  The Historics of Johann Gustav Droysen

8  Dilthey and the Foundations of the Human Sciences

9  Wilhelm Windelband and the Forces of History

10  Rickert and the Philosophy of Value

11  Emil Lask and the End of Southwestern Neo-Kantianism

12  Simmel’s Early Philosophy of History

13  Max Weber and the End of the Historicist Tradition

Bibliography

Reviews:

“This is an excellent and fascinating book. Beiser brings to bear a deep knowledge of both primary and secondary sources, a sharp eye for important philosophical issues, and an engaging writing style.”  Michael N. Forster, Mind

“this book exhibits the stylistic virtues that readers have come to expect from Beisers work, above all the virtue of clarity of exposition”  Corey McCall, Philosophy in Review

About the Author:

Frederick C. Beiser studied for his BA and DPhil at Oxford. He has taught at seven universities during his career – Penn, Wisconsin, Colorado, Indiana, Yale, Harvard and Syracuse – and has researched for many years in Germany, where he was a recipient of Thyssen and Humboldt fellowships.

JOB’s Comment:

Beiser keeps introducing to the Anglosphere or very significantly expanding and deepening its knowledge of one neglected area of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German thought after another.