Keith Ward on Materialism, 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ward continues his explanation of the terms: “The universe is open, because the principle of indeterminacy rules out the possibility of precise prediction of the future. It establishes probability as more fundamental than definite determinism, and sees the future as open to many creative possibilities, rather than as predestined to run along unavoidable tram-lines.” This is so regardless of how we understand the mathematical structure of contemporary physics. Determinism is no longer supported by physics, the openness of the universe means that freedom is, from its perspective, possible. This of course has many implications, and speaks in favour of personalism especially. I feel no strong need to add anything further to this point at the moment.
“The universe is emergent, in that it develops new properties – like conscious awareness or intentional action – that are not wholly explicable in terms of prior physical states, though such properties seem to develop in natural ways from previous physical states.” This is how it seems from the perspective of science. But given the description of the current state of physics, it is of course not particularly clear what a “physical state” is.
“The universe is intelligible and mathematically beautiful to a degree that could not have been envisaged even a hundred years ago. As Eugene Wigner has said, it is an unexpected gift that the mathematical structure of the universe should be as elegant and rationally comprehensible as it is.” This seems to imply the Platonic understanding of the mathematical structure. “Finally, the universe is semiotic, in that it does not simply rearrange its basic elements in different combinations. Many of those combinations are semiotic – they carry information. DNA molecules, for example, carry the codes for arranging proteins to build organic bodies. And perhaps the basic laws of the universe are computational, coding instructions for assembling new structures. As Paul Davies and John Gribbin put it, ‘In place of clod-like particles of matter in a lumbering Newtonian machine we have an interlocking network of information exchange – a holistic, indeterministic and open system – vibrant with potentialities and bestowed with infinite richness.'”
I am not sure how common this usage of “semiotic” is. But the passage is perhaps as clear as at present it can be with regard to “information exchange” as far as this can be understood from the particular perspective of science. At the same time it of course cries out for the supplementation of philosophical reflection even for a basic understanding of its real meaning. Of course, Ward will soon provide precisely this.
“If this is materialism, it is materialism in a new key. The physical basis of the universe seems to have an inner propensity towards information-processing and retrieval, that is, towards intelligent consciousness.” The “physical basis” seems by now to be a problematic postulate, a misleading conceptual residue. But “materialism in a new key”, insofar as it is the position of physics qua physics, is not intended here to be understood as in itself tantamount to idealism. The account shows only that classical materialism is regarded as obsolete in physics.
Ken Wilber writes in the preface to his important anthology Quantum Questions: Mystical Writings of the World’s Great Physicists (1984): “The theme of this book, if I may briefly summarize the argument of the physicists presented herein, is that modern physics offers no positive support (let alone proof) for a mystical worldview. Nevertheless, every one of the physicists in this volume was a mystic. They simply believed, to a man, that if modern physics no longer objects to a religious worldview, it offers no positive support either; properly speaking, it is indifferent to all that. The very compelling reasons why these pioneering physicists did not believe that physics and mysticism shared similar worldviews, and the very compelling reasons that they nevertheless all became mystics – just that is the dual theme of this anthology. If they did not get their mysticism from a study of modern physics, where did they get it? And why?”
I think a major part of the answer to these questions is simply: philosophy. It should of course be noted that idealistic philosophy does not necessarily involve mysticism. But mysticism could be regarded not only as something more that is not covered by such philosophy, but also as something that is in principle accounted for but not necessarily in itself explored by it. It is significant that Wilber, and the physicists whose texts he collects – Heisenberg, Schroedinger, Einstein, De Broglie, Jeans, Planck, Pauli, and Eddington – do in fact speak in terms of mysticism. Yet it seems the reason they became mystics is not just their new physics itself, and also not just mystic experience, but inevitable philosophical reflection as partly but not entirely separable either from science or mysticism.
For the real idealist conclusion, philosophy must be added to contemporary physics. But the same was the case with classical materialism. The classical materialism of physics itself necessarily involved a degree of philosophical reflection, as does the current conclusion regarding its obsolescence. With the recognition of these facts, with the help of philosophy, as well as of philosophy’s general unavoidability, it is of course quite possible that physics will be more generally pursued (as it already seems to be by some) on the basis of a philosophical affirmation of idealism, as in the past it was implicitly or explicitly based on the philosophical presuppositions of classical materialism.
But the support science lends to the case for idealism remains incomplete, as Ward is aware, although it does go beyond the mere negative sub-case against materialism. My concern is the truth of idealism in itself, as philosophy. As I have explained, the part of the case for it that makes reference to science or physics and their relation to materialism is included here, in the form of this commentary on Ward, merely for the sake of the kind of completeness of the representation of idealism that might rightly be expected.
In the decades “between the wars” four notably articulate philosopher-theologians at Oxford defied the revival of realism and positivism ad denied the eclipse of philosophical idealism. They never consciously constituted a school; yet – under the influence of their common mentor John Alexander Smith – Clement C. J. Webb, R. G. Collingwood, and C. S. Lewis came to embrace certain convictions rooted in classical metaphysics and transmited to them by great teachers of the nineteenth century, especially Thomas Hill Green and Richard Nettleship. As James Patrick describes them, “These men also shared a time, the years between the wars; a place, Oxford, ‘towery city and branchy between towers’ in Hopkins’s words; and a college, Magdalen, its deer park circled by the Cherwell, its face dusty rom the traffic of the London road.” The intellectual influence for traditional metaphysics and Christian theology exerted by these scholars of Oxford lived on after 1945 in the eloquent apologetics of C. S. Lewis and in the mature work of others like Austin Farrer, T. S. Eliot, and Willmoore Kendall.
As we stand on the brink of the third millennium, a large part of the human race may feel justified in a certain complacency. We are very much in thrall to the idea that history is moving forward in a desirable – or progressive – direction, and that overall in the world things are getting better. In After Progress, the philosopher Anthony O’Hear argues that we need to temper our optimism and self-assurance: that progress is not inevitable in any field, let alone over the whole canvas of human life and experience. He questions whether we are now on the brink of anything remarkable or worthy of comparison with the achievements of earlier ages, and suggests that in certain fields – religion, art, music, literature – we are clearly not.
Voegelin’s philosophical project was to restore order in human souls and human societies in a century of civilizational catastrophe. For Voegelin, the “crisis of the West,” reflected in the horrific wars and social chaos of the twentieth century, was the result of the gradual detachment of the our theoretical language from the unique, historical encounters with transcendence that lay at the foundation of Western civilization. As Federici shows, Voegelin undertook two massive efforts to provide evidence for this thesis in his five-volume Order and History series and in his posthumously published multi-volume History of Political Ideas. The ultimate goal of Voegelin’s project, Federici argues, was to liberate modern men and women from the grasp of ideologies, which Voegelin characterized as simplified constructions of reality that always distorted and obscured the truth. Hence, Voegelin was especially critical of Nazism, Marxism, gnosticism, and scientism. But he was also a critic of doctrinal Christianity and conservatism, positions that Federici explains in detail. Federici also introduces the reader to Voegelin’s difficult but influential philosophy of consciousness, and he includes a helpful glossary of Voegelinian terms.Readers intimidated or puzzled by Voegelin’s often daunting prose will find Federici’s volume, the fourth entry in ISI’s Library of Modern Thinkers series, an invaluable guide to one of the twentieth century’s most imposing – and most impressive – philosophical minds.
Analytic philosophy has been a dominant intellectual movement in the 20th century and a reflection of the cultural pre-eminence of scientism. In response to analytic philosophy’s peculiar reticence (and inability) to discuss itself, this book provides its first comprehensive history and critique. The central element in the analytic conversation has been the Enlightenment Project: the appeal to an autonomous human reason, freed of any higher authority and channeling itself through science as its privileged tool. This centrality is demonstrated by systematically examining its presence and development in the philosophy of science, metaphysics, epistemology, language, psychology, social science, ethics, political philosophy, and the history of philosophy. This journey highlights the internal logical disintegration of that project. Post-modern relativism is its natural offspring and not a viable alternative. The Enlightenment Project’s conception of physical science is defective; this defective conception of physical science renders the analytic conception of social science, philosophical psychology, and epistemology defective; and that defective conception of the human condition leads to defective conceptions of both moral and political philosophy, specifically the idea of social engineering or social technology. Throughout the book, an alternative conception of philosophy is presented as a way out of the abyss of analysis, an alternative that reconnects philosophy with the mainstream of Western civilization and initiates the process of providing a coherent cultural narrative. This book will be of particular interest to any sophisticated reader concerned about the lack of a coherent cultural narrative.