F. Carolyn Graglia: Domestic Tranquility

A Brief Against Feminism
Spence Publishing Company, 1998     Amazon.com
Book Description:
GragliaMrs. Graglia traces the origins of modern feminism to the post-war exaltation of marketplace achievement, which bred dissatisfaction with women’s domestic roles. In a masterly analysis of seminal feminist texts, she reveals a conscious campaign of ostracism of the housewife as a childish “parasite”. Turning to the feminist understanding of sexuality, now pervasive in our culture, she shows how it has distorted and impoverished sex by stripping it of its true significance. Finally, after exposing feminism’s totalitarian impulse and its contribution to the “tangle of pathologies” that have left marriage and family life in tatters, she argues for a renewed appreciation of the transforming experience of motherhood and the value of the domestic vocation. The Wall Street Journal extols Domestic Tranquility as “a thinking woman’s argument for putting family first.” William Kristol calls the book “a stunningly bold and deep assault on the most powerful movement of our time-feminism. A genuinely thought-provoking book.” Danielle Crittenden of The Women’s Quarterly praises it as “a stunning indictment of the women’s movement and its radical vision of female equality. Carolyn Graglia is a courageous thinker.”
Reviews:
“…powerful, noble…honest, passionate…This is a revolutionary book.”  National Review
“A useful primer on a movement that doesn’t know when to slink off in embarrassment.”  World
“If there is a book our culture has been needing for the last thirty years, Domestic Tranquility is it.”  Phyllis Schlafy
About the Author:
F. Carolyn Graglia, a lawyer by training and a housewife by choice, is superbly qualified to analyze the varied roles of women in our society. She received her undergraduate degree from Cornell University (1951) and her law degree from Columbia University (1954), where she was an editor of the law review. After working in the Justice Department, she clerked on the D.C. Court of Appeals for Warren E. Burger, the future Chief Justice, and later worked for the Washington firm of Covington & Burlington. Mrs. Graglia left this successful career to care for her husband and three children. A frequent lecturer at universities, she lives in Austin with her husband of forty-three years, Professor Lino Graglia of the University of Texas Law School.

Den skapande fantasin som transcendental kategori

Det moraliska handlandet i överensstämmelse med vår högre natur och vår högre bestämmelse, skapandet av handlingar av universellt värde, utvecklandet av moralisk karaktär, är för den värdecentrerade historicismen en oändlig, oavslutbar, öppen process, som hämtar stöd i mänsklighetens stora kulturella traditioner men som samtidigt ständigt överskrider och därmed förnyar dessa.

Den klassiska traditionen, sådan den värdecentrerade historicismen vill uppfatta den, bejakar till skillnad från både den moderna lägre romantiken alltifrån Rousseau och den moderna, empiristisk-positivistiska rationalismen den moraliska och värdemässiga ordning som Ryns filosofi förutsätter och det högre syfte den indikerar. Dess brist ligger för honom i sättet på vilket denna ordning uppfattas. Den övervägande rationalismen leder enligt honom till ett statiskt, abstrakt sätt att uppfatta den universella moraliska värdenormativiteten, vilken därför tenderar att uttryckas och formuleras i fixa, kasuistiska föreskrifter.

Den moraliska ordningen är för den värdecentrerade historicismen liksom för den klassiska idealismen och naturrättstraditionen en essentiell del av verkligheten själv. Men den är också central för förmågan att rätt uppfatta denna verklighet i dess helhet. Värdeepistemologin, s.a.s., förståelsen av hur vi vinner kunskap om värdena/den moraliska ordningen/universaliteten, visas på flera sätt vara oskiljaktig från hur vi vinner kunskap överhuvudtaget.

Även den klassiska rationalismen – som är den klassiska idealismens – saknar enligt Ryn genom sin ensidighet förmågan att göra rättvisa åt unika situationer, omständigheter och krav, åt det faktum att vi omedelbart upplever verkligheten (inklusive den moraliska verkligheten) som en enhet av ett gemensamt, universellt moraliskt imperativ och en mångfald av konkreta, partikulära tillämpningar. En fördjupad filosofisk epistemologi är därför nödvändig – och för Ryn även för den rätta förståelsen av uppnåendet och förverkligandet av vad han på det egna systemet överskridande sätt ibland beskriver som livets transcendenta mål och syfte.

Snarare än genom den abstrakta rationaliteten uppfattas, som vi sett, den universella ordningen i denna babbittska tradition genom en bestämd högre, etisk viljeinriktning, en särskild kvalitet hos viljan, en anda i vilken det moraliska handlandet sker och som även kännetecknar det goda livet och den goda samhällsgemenskapen. Intellektualismen underskattar behovet av hela karaktärens, hela livets kvalitativa förändring genom praktisk, konkret moralisk handling.

Men denna helhetliga transformation omfattar mer än viljan. Den omfattar också fantasin. Även fantasin är nödvändig för uppfattningen av den moraliska och värdemässiga ordningen, och därmed av verkligheten som helhet. Fantasin, likaväl som viljan, kan leda oss närmare eller längre bort från dem. Och på samma sätt som det finns en högre och lägre vilja, finns också en högre och lägre fantasi. Enligt Ryn, Leander och Babbitt är det dock primärt viljan som formar fantasin i överensstämmelse med sin egen inriktning. Vi skall återkomma till detta.

Liksom viljan är också fantasin något som endast ofullständigt uppfattats i den klassiska traditionen. Det var först med romantiken som de klassiska ensidigt mimetiska föreställningarna övervanns. Den nya tidens tänkande före Kant, vars sista fas på detta område representerades av Humes lära om “impressions” och “associations”, hade knappast sett någon utveckling på detta område. Uppfattningen av fantasin som intryck och associationer var förenklad och otillräcklig, en följd av den ensidigt rationalistiska karaktären redan hos den klassiska filosofin: [Will, Imagination and Reason, 45, 61.]

“Simply put, the older view made the imagination consist of sense impressions associated into images and of the fortuitous emergence and combination of these images of memory. The imagination was thought to be essentially passive. The active power of the mind was the intellect. Crucial to the emergence of the new interpretation of the imagination was starting to view it as a synthetic activity, intermediary between sense and intellect. Gradually, the view gained ground that synthetic wholes are primary, and that so-called sense impressions, far from being primary, are really products of a process of intellectual abstraction which cuts a part out of its context in a larger whole and labels it an ‘impression’.” [Ibid. 51 f.]

Enligt Leander och Ryn är de nya insikterna om fantasin, the creative imagination, den moderna filosofins främsta landvinning. Föreställningarna om den skapande fantasin motsäger emellertid för dem ingalunda den klassisk-kristna traditionens karaktäristiska allmänna dualism och objektivism. Tvärtom kan den för dem komplettera och fördjupa denna i ett väsentligt avseende. Distinktionen mellan den högre och den lägre romantiken är här fortfarande central: användningen av den nya förståelsen av fantasin måste ske i linje med den högre romantiken, som är förenlig med, konvergerar mot och vidareutvecklar den klassisk-kristna traditionen till skillnad mot den lägre, som förnekar och avvisar denna.

Leander och Ryn tar fasta på hur Babbitt, försvararen av den klassiska traditionens dualism och objektivism och även den österländska och kristna traditionens dualism och voluntarism, också anammar läran om den skapande fantasin. Vi ser det exempelvis i hans diskussion av skillnaden mellan Rousseaus “idylliska” fantasi och Burkes “moraliska” fantasi. I vad de värdecentrerade historicisterna menar vara Babbitts alltför urskillningslösa fördömande av romantiken, erkänner denne icke sin skuld till den romantiska och idealistiska tradition som ur Kants övervinnande av den humeska empiristiska fragmentarismen medels de transcendentala kategoriernas syntetiska helheter, med tänkare som Fichte, Schiller och Coleridge, gradvis utvecklade förståelsen av den skapande fantasin som just en sådan “transcendentalt deducerad” kategori.

Leander och Ryn delar Babbitts kritik av Kants rationalism, men menar att de romantiska efterföljarna snabbt övervann denna, förkastande de kategorier och Vernunftbegriffe som endast syftade s.a.s. till hanterandet av den newtonska klassiska fysikens mekaniska och atomistiska världsbild: “What repels Babbitt is Kant’s excessive rationalism…Ethical conscience becomes the thinking of a Vernunftbegriff.” I stället nådde Kants efterföljare fram till fantasikategorin som bevarande det väsentliga i Kants allmänna landvinning – de syntetiska helheterna: “Coleridge, the student of Kant, was able to restore the ‘synthetic element’ to philosophy in a way that was neither abstract nor rationalistic”: [Ibid. 53-4.]

“In Biographia Literaria (1817) is seen at work not the practical but the speculative reason. This reason achieves a ‘transcendental deduction’ of the imagination as a basis for poetics and criticism. A ‘transcendental deduction’ assumes the mind is like a net; you cannot lift one knot in it without lifting the whole net. The imagination is being ‘deduced’ when it is shown to be a necessary part of a categorial network: one cannot think of the human consciousness without including the imagination.” [Ibid. 58.]

Redan under romantiken var Coleridge angelägen att visa att hans nya uppfattning av den skapande fantasin var möjlig att förena med, ja, att den bättre förklarade Aristoteles’ kritiska insikter i Poetiken, som förvrängts av renässansens och klassicismens uttolkare. [Ibid. 61.] I ett senare stadium av idealismens historia bekräftar och preciserar Croce ytterligare denna tolkning och utveckling:

“Kant arrived at his idealism through study of mathematics and physics; but modern idealism is by no means dependent on this approach. In Croce’s idealism, mathematical science is accounted for as a structure of pragmatically useful fictions. Kant’s mathematical space and time and his twelve categories, corresponding to Newtonian physics, are likewise seen as pragmatic constructions. In Croce’s view, the idealistic study of wholes got its start as a study of such pseudo-wholes, but it soon passed on to real wholes. Coleridge represents this passage from interest in fictional wholes to interest in concrete wholes of imagination. He does not attempt to prove the fictional and ‘unreal’ nature of the Kantian categories, but in practice he reaches the same results as Croce by disregarding them.” [Ibid. 60.]

Croce förnekar att Kants newtonska kategorier verkligen är kategoriska till sitt väsen: [Ibid. 53.] “What Kant views as an aggregate of faculties Croce ‘deduces’ as a distinct category – the creative imagination.” [Ibid. 55.] Emersons essä om “The Over-Soul” är enligt Leander och Ryn en sannolik källa till Babbitts föreställning om det högre självet. Och det är här Babbitt, via Emerson, står i en närmare relation till den tyska idealismen än han själv inser: ursprunget till Babbitts föreställning är

“the transcendental Self of German philosophy. Coleridge explains and affirms this notion by noting ‘the distinction between the conditional finite I (which as known in distinct consciousness by occasion of experience is called by Kant’s followers the empirical I) and the absolute I AM, and likewise the dependence or rather the inherence of the former in the latter.” [Ibid. 63 f.]

Här placerar sig den värdecentrerade historicismen i sak inom ramen för den stora och långdragna debatten mellan s.k. absolute idealism och personal idealism under 1800- och början av 1900-talet rörande detta transcendentala själv och dess förhållande till det ändliga självet. Föreställning om ett “universal self”, att “every man has a self that he possesses in common with other men”, [Ibid. 63.] sprungen ur det kantska transcendentala syntestänkandet, är central för den värdecentrerade historicismen, en av de väsentliga moderna insikter med vilka den sammankopplar den klassisk-kristna etiska dualismen. Den utgör tillsammans med den kantska föreställningen om transcendentala aprioriska synteser den moderna filosofins avgörande framsteg, ja det är denna idé som i förening med historicismen framstår som det som legitimerar hela det moderna filosofiska tänkandet.

Det är till denna modernitetens filosofiska byggnad under uppförande som Babbitts lära om den sanna eller falska, den högre eller lägre fantasin bör ses som ett bidrag. [Ibid. 183.] Fantasin visar sig vara den fakultet som förmår uppfatta verkligheten som samtidig enhet och mångfald, samtidig universalitet och partikularitet. Fantasin är “a distinct organon for the non-rational awareness of universals”. [Ibid. 63.] Dess nyskapande, syntetiska verksamhet, “creating non-conceptual wholes and universals”, formar det i erfarenheten givna och tillhandahåller det material som förnuftet, förstått som den vanliga rationella fakulteten, sedan ytterligare bearbetar. Det är viktigt att förstå den särskilda tonvikten här på fantasin som skapande, nyskapande: “the imagination institutes wholes which did not exist before”; “Babbitt has in mind a kind of perceiving that is not only imaginative, as distinguished from intellective, but creative. This ‘perceiving’ is really a conceiving”. [Ibid. 62.]

Det finns inga rena, isolerade sinnesintryck; dessa är alltid redan formade av fantasins syntetiska helheter. Här har den filosofiska romantiken och idealismen sedan länge ägt många av de insikter som idag dominerar inom perceptionspsykologin. Skillnaden mellan vad som kanske kan kallas den renodlade idealistiska positionen (eller åtminstone den för mig här relevanta) och den värdecentrerade historicismen är att den senare inte går lika långt i den fenomenologiska analysen av sinnesintryckens och sinneskunskapens natur och uppbyggnad som primärt givna som erfarenhetsmässiga helheter, som medvetandeinnehåll i den specifikt mänskliga åskådningens former, och att den därigenom undviker den mer fundamentalt ontologiska diskussionen om yttervärldens och “materiens” egentliga väsen, status och förhållande till det förnimmande subjektet och dettas (och därmed även det som yttre numna medvetandeinnehållets) verkliga grund. Emellertid kan ståndpunkten till en viss gräns sägas förbli idealistisk; under alla omständigheter avvisar den entydigt den naiva realismen och materialismen eller fysikalismen.

Paul Brunton: The Inner Reality

Rider, 1970 (1939)

Back Cover:

From the Preface

BruntonI do not desire to convince others, but simply to radiate whatsoever of truth I have found; then others can pick it up or not as they wish. They must approach me of their own free will and not because I wish to act as a missionary to them. I do not seek to convert, much less compel, but to show others what they, too, can find within themselves.

Frankly, I have not become conscious of possessing any mission to this world, but the only one I would care to undertake, if the gods were to grant me the ability, would be to make men aware of the value of their own soul. Moreover, this personal freedom is not without some peculiar value of its own. Because I am independent of all allegiances and because I obey no other authority than that of my own inward monitor, I can freely afford to set down truths which have either been selfishly hidden or foolishly distorted in the past.

Chapters:

Prefatory

What is God?

A Sane Religion

The Mystery of the Kingdom of Heaven

The Seven Beatitudes

Practical Help in Yoga

Psycho-spiritual Self-analysis

The Question of Asceticism

The Scripture of the Yogis: I. Renunciation

The Scripture of the Yogis: II. Revelation

The Scripture of the Yogis: III. Realization

Errors of the Spiritual Seeker

The Gospel According to St. John

The Mystery of Jesus

JOB’s Comment:

I have to repeat myself: It is difficult to recommend modern books on spirituality. None expresses my own views only. But most of course contain some of them. Brunton’s were among the first I read, in the 1970s. See also my earlier Brunton posts, in the Spirituality and References categories.

Paul Furlong: Social and Political Thought of Julius Evola

Routledge, 2011     Amazon.co.uk

Pre-Prelims:

FurlongJulius Evola’s writing covered a vast range of subjects, from a distinctive and categorical ideological outlook and has been extremely influential on a significant number of extreme right thinkers, activists and organisations. This book is the first full length study in English to present his political thought to a wider audience, beyond that of his followers and sympathisers, and to bring into the open the study of a neglected strand of contemporary Western thought, that of traditionalism.

Evola deserves more attention because he is an influential writer. His following comes from an important if largely ignored political movement: activists and commentators whose political positions are, like his, avowedly traditionalist, authoritarian, anti-modern, anti-democratic and anti-liberal. With honourable exceptions, contemporary academic study tends to treat these groups as a minority within a minority, a sub-species of Fascism, from whom they are held to derive their ideas and their support. This work seeks to bring out more clearly the complexity of Evola’s post-war strategy, so as to explain how he can be adopted both by the neo-fascist groups committed to violence, and by groups such as the European New Right whose approach is more aimed at influence from within liberal democracies. Furlong also recognises the relevance of Evola’s ideas to anti-globalisation arguments, including a re-examination of his arguments for detachment and spontaneism (apolitia).

This work will be of great interest to students and scholars of political theory, international relations and fascism.

Paul Furlong is Professor of European Studies at Cardiff University. He has written on Italian politics, European politics and methods in political science.

Science and Sentiment

Not much needs to be said here about the impersonalistic import of classical physics and the conception of science to which it gave rise and which in important respects dominated the West for centuries. In the course of the Enlightenment, classical materialism and atomism, the minor traditions of Greek philosophy which had been rejected by the speculative philosophers of the differentiational shift and which could not enter into the grand synthesis that was Christian theology, were again taken up and deployed in theoretical support of the emerging scientific administration of modernity. With the differentiational tension abolished, the West’s dynamism and creativity was increasingly refocused on the material sphere.

The story of how the West came seriously to adopt as a worldview the mechanistic model of matter in motion, how it built a predominantly materialistic civilization focused on the control and exploitation of nature, and how it proceeded to spread it to the rest of the world, is at least in the perspective of comparative cultural history not only a history of beneficial material and even, indirectly, some cultural and political advancement, but also one of a cultural, moral, and spiritual abnormity. From the model’s beginnings in the early modern period, when Hobbes and others immediately began to apply it to human beings, it has also produced problematic and sometimes tragic results of a scale and a number which alone foreclose any interpretation of Western modernity as simple progress of the values of the person.

Renaissance individualism, even among the learned humanists, had been marred from the beginning by the relativism, egocentrism, vanity, Prometheanism, and sheer vulgarity of the new secularism. When modern individualism was philosophically formulated by Hobbes, it was the grossest doctrine of a living lump of matter, without any distinctly human nature in common with others, causally impelled by the drive for self-preservation and the satisfaction of desires. This is the doctrine which still dominates liberal political philosophy, political economy, and utilitarianism, and which, behind the added facade of Locke’s philosophically largely unsupported moral rhetoric, is the basis of the modern theory of natural rights. The problem of setting only abstractive reason and nature against convention became much more evident in the eighteenth century than among the Greeks. [Again, while they point to the potential dangers in Strauss’s return to the classics, the historicist conservatives also criticize the failure of his American followers properly to distinguish between the classics and the radicals of the Enlightenment. But, as could be gleaned from the previous section, both parties fail to recognize the difference made by Voegelinian experiential transcendence, especially as supplemented by the personalistic dimension.]

Both the concept of reason and the concept of nature were susceptible of continuous reinterpretation. Modern rationalism was in the process of cutting off the upper layers of classical reason which accounted for the differentiational intuition of transcendence, and of reinterpreting nature in accordance with the new science. And in the course of the transition from transcendence to immanence, from theism via deism and pantheism to romanticism, Rousseau only added further new dimensions of the definition of the concept of nature to those of the rationalists. The individual conceived in the terms of any of the versions of modern “nature” was far from the person.

Meanwhile, the secularization of the Renaissance, the Reformation, hosts of new ideologues, and the new technological resources together made possible the consolidation of the position of the territorial monarchs, who set about neutralizing the independent aristocracy, centralizing power, and re-divinizing both the state and themselves, to some extent after the pattern of the early pantheism of the cosmological civilizations, the pull of which was still strongly felt. Because of the still historically influential concrete social and cultural results of differentiation in the intervening classical and Christian civilization, they could never completely succeed, but in addition to the intellectual developments of the new pantheism, the new political form of absolutism ensured that the process of modernization often continued to proceed in a manner intrinsically inimical to the values of the person.

Although Rousseau remains the paradigmatic thinker of romanticism, adding the sentimental variation of modernity to its uncompromising rationalization, [After almost ninety years, Babbitt’s Rousseau and Romanticism is still the unsurpassed analysis of this phase of Western intellectual history, the objections even of critics like A. O. Lovejoy and I. Berlin tending to fall by the wayside. The latest edition (1991) contains a lengthy introduction by Ryn.] others before him had contributed powerfully to the development of this unavoidable complement. In the worldview of monistic mysticism and metaphysics, nature devolved from the absolute and perfect impersonal oneness, and it increasingly came to be thought that for this reason it could not contain evil in any sense except that of privation. On this view, no expansive desires and rational and emotional exploits could really be evil. The providential plan according to which man moved towards the secular kingdom of perfection was apprehended not only by the sinless certainty of unaided reason, but by the sinless certainty of the innocent heart.

Like the universe of immanentistic Hermeticism, man is good, and the Man Machine of Enlightenment materialism could not satisfy romantic man’s emotional side. Committed to his secularism, romantic man could not return to the differentiated reality of true personal identity. Despite his rejection of the rationalist materialism, atomism, and utilitarianism as well as the formalist conventions of the culture of the Enlightenment, he had to move forward, inevitably carrying with him most of the deeper legacy of the modern impersonalistic development. Instead of reversing its trend, he added to it supplementary dimensions.

In Rousseau we stand not only before the paradigmatic addition of the general romantic complement, but also before the equally paradigmatic prefiguration of its more specific dialectic of narcissistic individualism and egotism, on the one hand, and its longing for absorption in a larger whole, on the other. And the larger whole is both the womb of the good nature which is one with the cloudy haziness that is now the divine, as confessed by the Savoyard vicar in Émile, and the whole of the nation, of la volonté générale: rejecting the disruptiveness of Christianity, Rousseau praises the cohesive power of pagan civil religion as perceived through his distinctly new sensibility.