Idealism under medeltiden

Pseudo-Dionysios var av stor betydelse för den platonismens fortlevnad i dess mest esoteriska form under medeltiden, och genom distinktionen mellan apofaticism och katafaticism som är viktig både för den mer allmänna idealismtematiken här och i viss mån, som jag framhållit på annat håll, för personalismen. Ett nyare verk med filosofisk tonvikt är här Eric D. Perls Theophany: The Neoplatonic Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite från 2007.

Ytterligare en tänkare som representerar en från den teologiska ortodoxin i hög grad självständig form av idealism är Scotus Eriugena. Det finns ett grundligt arbete av Dermot Moran, The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena: A Study of Idealism in the Middle Ages från 1989, som inte bara såvitt jag förstår mer exakt än tidigare går igenom hans förbindelser med den klassiska idealismen, utan även och framför allt visar hur han föregriper den moderna subjektstematiken och även andra aspekter av den mer specifikt moderna idealismen på ett sätt som är relevant även för en del av det jag tog upp i samband med mysticismen.

Vi har betonat idealismens fortlevnad, men också hur den förändrades i den syntes med de bibliska lärorna som kom att bli den kristna teologin (i den judiska fortsatte denna utveckling i mindre utsträckning, eftersom man i den framväxande rabbinska och talmudistiska huvudriktningen snart vände sig mot den filonska, alexandrinska syntes och allmänna hellenisering som under den första delen av den romerska kejsartiden var på god väg att universalisera även judendomen.

Mycket viktig är förstås under medeltiden också idealismens fortsättning i alla dess huvudformer inom islam, där förutsättningarna för dess kontinuitet länge var betydligt bättre än i västerlandet. Detsamma gäller om mystikens utveckling.

Twitter

Jag har bara twittrat en gång. I det twittrandet frågade jag mig vad jag skulle twittra om, vad jag skulle använda Twitter till. Jag har ännu inte riktigt kommit på något bra svar på denna fråga.

Jag måste säga att jag tycker Twitter ger ett intryck som är precis lika ytligt och oseriöst som namnet låter. Det är svårt för mig att förstå hur inte minst journalister men även politiker plötsligt kunnat ägna sig i sådan ofattbar omfattning åt detta.

Facebook var bra med de funktioner det hade i början, enligt vad jag skriver på min Facebook-sida här i bloggen. Men Twitter saknar väl allt detta? För mig ser det ut att vara Facebook reducerat till status updates, och av kortaste slag.

Finns det inte något löjligt i att avsätta så mycket tid till att följa och skriva alla dessa ofta ogenomtänkta, triviala och föga briljanta oneliners? Det framstår som ett tyckarnas fåfänga spciala spel av inte sällan ängsliga signaler och markeringar, som ersätter eftertanke och fördjupad skriftlig framställning och kommunikation.

Men det är lätt att förhastat döma ut ny teknologi av detta slag. Jag kan ha missat någon vetting användning. Därför har jag lagt in Twitter-länkar under mina poster, och en länk i högerkolumnen till mitt Twitter-konto med den hittills enda enradingen.

Daniel Boëthius

BoëthiusBoëthius, Daniel, svensk filosof, f. 1751 i Västerås, student 1765 i Uppsala och 1773 fil. magister därstädes, 1775 docent i teor. filosofi och från 1783 till sin död 1810 professor i praktisk filosofi.

B. omfattade ursprungligen Lockes filosofi men blev efter bekantskapen med Kants kritiska arbeten dennes ivrige anhängare. Någon slavisk eftersägare var han likväl ej utan sökte – delvis under inflytande från Fichte – utbilda kantianismen i självständig riktning. Sin största betydelse äger han därigenom, att han först gjort Kants läror bekanta i Sverige och därmed verksamt influerat främst på Höijer men även på Grubbe och Biberg. I likhet med dessa bör han alltså räknas till dem, som utbildat den svenska personlighetsfilosofien.

B:s egna undersökningar äro huvudsakligen riktade på den praktiska filosofiens grundproblem. Även här utgick han från Kant men sökte i likhet med Fichte bringa den praktiska filosofien i närmare gemenskap med den teoretiska än Kant. Medan för Kant religionen är helt och hållet grundad på sedligheten, söker B. påvisa, att det tvärtom är denna, som måste grundas på religionen, i det att den sedliga viljan måste tänkas som det gudomligas inneboende i människan. I dessa tankegångar framträder han som föregångare till Biberg, Grubbe och Boström.

Bland B:s utgivna skrifter märkas: Utkast till föreläsningar i den naturliga sedeläran (1782), Om den filosofiska undervisningens ordnande (1794), Om moralitetens grund (en replik till Leopold med anledning av dennes kritik av den kantska etiken), Anvisning till sedeläran såsom vetenskap (1807).

B. översatte även Kants ‘Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten’ till svenska.

Alf Ahlberg i Filosofiskt lexikon (1925)

Da Free John: “I” is the Body of Life

Talks and Essays on the Art and Science of Equanimity and the Self-Transcending Process of Radical Understanding

Dawn Horse Press, 1981

Amazon.com

Publisher’s Presentation:

Consider the “I” and understand. “I” is Narcissus, the self-contraction, or the avoidance of relationship. “I” does not know what anything is. “I” is not an observer that is utterly separate from anything. “I” is, therefore, incapable of ultimate knowledge. “I” is the body. “I” is the context of ordinary association with phenomena. “I” is itself part of the total world of phenomena. “I” is the activity of contraction, separation, and independence. “I” is the effort to be different from and immune to the limitations of phenomenal existence. “I” seeks independent self-satisfaction via forms of knowledge and experience. “I” cannot be satisfied, fulfilled, or released. “I” is itself and inherently a problem. “I” is an inappropriate and futile action in relation to the conditions of phenomenal existence. There is no ultimate option except to understand the “I.” Such understanding, made operative in the context of every moment of phenomenal existence, is free of the dilemma or inherent problem of Narcissus, or the futile effort of “I” to achieve independence, immunity, ultimate satisfaction, perfect fulfillment, complete knowledge, total experience, or permanent release. In every moment the “I” is understood and directly transcended, the body is released from the illusion, the problem, and the activity of “I.” Therefore, in every moment of active understanding, the independent “I” dissolves – by becoming identical to the body. Apart from present understanding, “I” is not transcended, and the bodily Realization of the Radiant Spiritual Divine is impossible. Apart from understanding, the “I” is the basis of all knowledge and experience. Understanding is the Wisdom of the seventh or free stage of life. Therefore, consider the “I” and understand.

JOB’s Comment:

The titles of Jones’s books are not always easy to understand in themselves, without familiarity with his teaching. Some are hard to understand even with such familiarity.

Paul Brunton: Practices for the Quest/Relax and Retreat

The Notebooks of Paul Brunton

Volume Three

Larson, 1986

Amazon.com

Back Cover:

Intellectual definitions of transcendental states merely leave us in the dark. We must practice walking on the divine path, and not merely talk about it, if we would know what these states really are.

The world clamours for attention and participation. God alone is silent, undemanding, and unaggressive.

– Paul Brunton

The third volume of The Notebooks of Paul Brunton is of immediate practical use.

Part 1, Practices for the Quest, goes directly to the heart of exercises, techniques, and mental attitudes useful at various stages of spiritual self-discovery and self-development. It explains what qualities must be developed, why they must be developed, how they can be developed, and how their development will be tested and proved by life itself.

Part 2, Relax and Retreat, lays the cornerstone for amodern life of inspired sanity. It offers simple, effective and viable antidotes for the tensions produced by excessive outer activity and over-attachment to the personal ego.

Marc Roche: La Banque

Comment Goldman Sachs dirige le monde

Albin Michel, 2010     Amazon.fr

Prix du livre d’économie 2010

Présentation de l’éditeur:

Une nouvelle puissance a surgi sur la scène mondiale. C’est celle d’une banque privée ultrasecrète.

Créé en 1869 cet établissement s’est longtemps contenté d’exercer son métier de banque d’affaires, avant de spéculer sur tous les marchés (boursiers, matières premières, or, produits dérivés…).

Depuis une dizaine d’années ses dirigeants ont pénétré les cercles les plus fermés de Washington. Et le krach de septembre 2008 est arrivé, faisant disparaître leur principal concurrent, Lehman Brothers. La “maison Goldman” est alors devenue à ce jour la banque la plus prospère de l’histoire.

Conseiller des Etats on l’a vu récemment avec la Grèce mais il y a d’autres pays concernés recruteur du staff du président des Etats-Unis Bush hier, Obama aujourd’hui , interlocuteur des grandes organisations internationales et du FMI, Goldman Sachs est au centre d’une gigantesque toile d’araignée. Aujourd’hui mise en cause pour avoir trahi ses clients, la banque reste une puissance, une pieuvre tentaculaire disent ses détracteurs.

Pour la première fois cette passionnante enquête livre un récit riche d’anecdotes sur les rapports de force entre le capitalisme et les gouvernements du monde entier et dresse le portrait de ses redoutables dirigeants, et notamment celui de son président, Lloyd Blankfein.

2ème édition, Points, 2011:

Le culte du secret : voilà ce qui fait la force de Goldman Sachs, la Banque d’affaires la plus puissante du monde. Journaliste à Londres, l’auteur met au grand jour les rouages sulfureux de cet empire financier qui peut faire basculer les gouvernements. OPA brutales, spéculation à outrance, relations secrètes avec de grandes multinationales : cette enquête très documentée livre un récit riche en anecdotes sur de redoutables pratiques.

Biographie de l’auteur:

Marc Roche, 58 ans, est correspondant du Monde à Londres depuis vingt ans [et spécialiste des investigations financières]. Il est l’auteur de plusieurs ouvrages dont le dernier paru chez Albin Michel en 2009, Un ménage à trois.

Richard M. Weaver: Visions of Order

The Cultural Crisis of Our Time

ISI Books, 1995 (1964)     Amazon.com

Book Description:

This classic work by the author of Ideas Have Consequences boldly examines the intellectual roots of our current cultural crisis.
JOB’s Comment:
The too exclusive focus on Ideas Have Consequences does not, in my view, do full justice to this conservative and classical idealist thinker. There is a significant development in his work, both with regard to his general philosophy and his view of rhetoric, and the resulting revised positions can be clearly seen in Visions of Order. In some respects, this book can be defended as containing deepened and more nuanced insight. Platonism has been supplemented and modified by an element of historicism.

Charles Taliaferro: Consciousness and the Mind of God

Cambridge University Press, 2005 (1994)     Amazon.com

Book Description:

Contemporary materialist accounts of consciousness and subjectivity challenge how we think of ourselves and of ultimate reality. This book defends a nonmaterialistic view of persons and subjectivity and the intelligibility of thinking of God as a nonphysical, spiritual reality. It endeavors to articulate in a related way the integral relationship between ourselves and our material bodies and between God and the cosmos. Different versions of materialism are assessed, as are alternative, post-dualist concepts of God.
Book Description 2:
A book which introduces readers to substantive terrain in both the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of religion in a clear, not overtly-technical, fashion. It defends with great sophistication the intelligibility of thinking about God as a non-physical and spiritual reality, and challenges popular post-dualist theology.

Front Flap of First Edition:

Consciousness and the Mind of God is especially concerned with the central metaphysical claims about the nature of persons and the implications of these claims for the philosophy of God. Charles Tagliaferro shows that in the contemporary climate there is a widespread view that the insights gained from a philosophy of human persons lead either to a total abandonment of traditional theistic claims about God or to a radical revision of theistic claims about how God relates to the world. Thus, the preponderance of physicalism has led a wide range of philosophers and theologians to reconsider the traditional conception of God as a nonphysical person or person-like reality, ideas about the afterlife, and the Christian doctrine of the incarnation. Some have taken the plausibility of physicalism to be a sufficient ground for embracing philosophical atheism, and thereby rejecting wholesale the fundamental claims of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Others have taken the success of a physicalist philosophy to justify treating religion along noncognitive lines. Taliaferro critically examines these oiptions, and defends a nonphysicalist understanding of the God-world relation. He maintains that, while persons are not identical with their bodies, and God is not identical with the cosmos, it remains the case that persons and bodies, God and the cosmos, “exist in a profoundly integral union”. His notions of “integrative dualism” and “integrative theism” seek to avoid some of the extremes of Cartesian and Platonic dualism.

Blurbs on Back Cover of First Edition:

“Charles Taliaferro’s comprehensive treatise, Consciousness and the Mind of God, is baseed upon a sophisticated critique of materialism, particularly in its most developed contemporary forms. That critique would be of use to students of metaphysics and of contemporary philosophy, whatever their interests in theism might be. The author’s positive views on the subject are suggestive and original, making it clear that a devastating critic may also be a highly constructive thinker. This is a significant philosophical work.” – Roderick M. Chisholm, Professor of Philosophy, Brown University

“Taliaferro’s project to examine the significance of recent philosophy of mind for philosophical theism is ‘an idea whose time has come’. His own positions, integrative dualism and integrative theism, are sensitive, intelligent, well-argued attempts to move dialectically beyond the thesis-antithesis that has characterised the debate between materialists, on the one hand, and dualists and/or theists, on the other hand, for the last half-century.” – Richard E. Creel, Professor of Philosophy and Religion, Ithaca College, New York

“Taking on one of the most liberally used and abused theological terms of contemporary theological discourse – dualism – Taliaferro argues cogently for a more precise understanding, one which can alleviate the curent disenchantment with dualism. His alternative to materialist naturalism focuses and defends what others have dismissed as ‘the blurry folk notion of ourselves’ as spirit and matter. Writing for the educated nonexpert, Taliaferro disputes contemporary arguments that a nonphysical personal God is incoherent. He developes and elucidates and ‘integrative theistic philosophy which avoids the atomism, cosmic-denigration, ad isolationism often associated with traditional theism’. This clear-headed and thoughtfully argued book goes to the heart of current issues in philosophical theology.” – Margaret R. Miles, Bussey Professor of Theology, Harvard University

Reviews:

“This work should attract wide attention. Its extensive learning and careful formulations of arguments advances a position often not taken seriously enough, plus it offers ways to save the central dogmas of Christian incarnation and supports a new way of understanding the Trinity. Highly recommended.” – The Reader’s Review

“He has lucidly and thoroughly explored the issues within the mind/body-God/world analogy. For anyone wishing to investigate the analogy and needing a strong, obvious case for it, this is an excellent book.” – Choice

“…a delight to read…clear, elegant, and compelling…this is a vitally important book.” – The Expository Times

“At present, leadership in the philosophy of mind is largely, if not exclusively, in the hands of naturalists and materialists. There is need and, I believe, also a genuine opportunity for serious, constructive work by Christian philosophers in this vital field of philosophyu. An excellent (and extremely readable) book on the subject is Charles Taliaferro’s Consciousness and the Mind of God.” – William Hasker, Books and Culture

“…an interesting and significant contribution to philosophical anthropology, philosophical theology and Christian apologetics….a first-rate piece of work. It is clearly argued, succinctly written, takes full measure of recent discussions of the topics raised and considers important counter-arguments to the positions taken…both engaging and accessible to anyone who thinks about human nature and God.” – Christian Scholar’s Review

“On balance, this is a highly suggestive book discussing some of the most challenging questions put to the Christian understanding of personhood and the doctrine of God in today’s world.” – Arthur Vogel, Anglican Theological Review

“What we have here, then, is a serious constructive project in philosophical theology. It is carried through with energy, care, and precision; it shows acquaintance with the best recent work in philosophy of mind (and its close materialist cousin, cognitive science), and in philosophical theology; and it is marked throughout by a care for and attention ro the strictly philosophical (principally ontological and metaphysical) import of traditional Christian claims about the matters with which it deals. These are considerable virtues. Taliaferro’s work provides more evidence that the most interesting work in philosophical theology today is being done by those with philosophical rather than theological training…this is a very important book that deserves close and careful reading by philosophers and theologians and that ought to provoke much discussion.” – Paul Griffiths, Journal of Religion

“…demonstrates remarkable boldness…The scope of this book is staggering….this is a well-written and engaging book. Taliaferro has a good grasp of the literature and is engaging the right opponents. He also keeps the reader interested with a brisk pace and frequent subject changes.” – Thomas D. Senor, Canadian Philosophical Review

“His goal is twofold: First, to catalogue the arguments of the various proponents of such scientific materialism…I would say that Taliaferro admirably achieves his first goal. I do not know of any similar catalogue of the various contemporary arguments of scientific materialism.” – Commonweal

About the Author (from Wikipedia):

Charles Taliaferro is an American Philosopher specializing in Theology and Philosophy of Religion. He is a Professor of Philosophy at St. Olaf College, a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Faithful Research. and a member of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. He is the author or co-author, editor or co-editor of fifteen books, most recently The Image in Mind: Theism, Naturalism and the Imagination (Continuum), co-authored with the American artist Jil Evans.

JOB’s Comment:

Some terminological confusion, but an important book. The author and I once planned to meet in Philadelphia but some obstacle appeared. It was an APA conference of the size and kind where it was quite possible for both to be present and yet not meet. I hope there will be some other opportunity in the future.