What Is a Man? 3,000 Years of Wisdom on the Art of Manly Virtue

Edited with a Commentary by Waller R. Newell

Harper Paperbacks, 2001 (2000)     Amazon.com

Book Description:

At a time when all of America is debating the wayward course of contemporary manhood comes this rich and eye-opening anthology of 3,000 years of the most profound and inspiring writing on the subject of manliness. A source of guidance and inspiration, this wisdom-filled collection also reflects on the confusions of modern manhood by addressing contemporary issues through voices as diverse as James Dean, David Foster Wallace, and Kurt Cobain. Reminding us all of the relevance of the manly tradition, What Is a Man? offers a readable and revelatory guide to the virtues of men at their best.

Blurbs:

What Is a Man? violates all of the norms of political correctness by reminding us that men have specific virtues – virtues that are neither the watered-down qualities of niceness and compassion nor aimless and violent aggression. This rich anthology will be an eye-opener for many, but particularly for the young men who are most confused about how they are to act in life.”  Francis Fukuyama, George Mason University

“Newell’s anthology covers an astonishing range and is a constant source of ideas about a neglected, almost a suppressed, virtue.”  Kenneth Minogue, London School of Economics

What Is a Man?…is an asteroid hurtling toward our planet – and, if I am not mistaken, it is headed straight for the Tower of Babel, the construction that produced the babble about sexual matters that we all now speak. Brilliantly timed, conceived, edited, and introduced by Professor Newell, What Is a Man? is an anthology of buried treasures. It is unlike any recent book for the general reader I know of on the relations between the sexes. Newell’s inspiring book is about how to build manly virtue – which sounds antiquated because manly virtue is all but forgotten or remembered only in parody. But manly virtue, he argues, is our best hope of bringing men and women together with respect and dignity.”  Norman Doidge, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University

What Is a Man? is that rare sort of book that rewards serious study while delighting and inspiring the casual reader. The meanings and the perplexities of manhood are illuminated by an assemblage of literary gems culled from the greatest writers at their most incandescent.”  Thomas Pangle, University of Toronto

From the Introduction:

“Honor tempered by prudence, ambition tempered by compassion for the suffering and the oppressed, love restrained by delicacy and honor toward the beloved – from Plato to the twentieth century, there is a common store of richly textured observations, maxims, illustrations, and confirmations of this enduringly noble standard of conduct. Thus, although that tradition can be easily parodied and ridiculed today as something hopelessly outmoded and far away, in fact it is very close…We don’t need to reinvent manliness. We only need to will ourselves to wake up from the bad dream of the last few generations and reclaim it, in order to extend and enrich that tradition under the formidable demands of the present.”

“How might we recover an understanding of what it means to be a man in the positive sense – brave, self-restrained, dignified, zealous on behalf of a good cause, imbued with sentiments of delicacy and respect for one’s loved ones?…[A]mong the cases made consistently throughout [the book’s] pages is that the surest way of convincing men to treat women with respect is to expose them to those traditional virtues of manly character that make it a disgrace to treat anyone basely. Reclaiming the positive tradition of manly refinement and civility is the surest antidote to the much-decried balikanization of the sexes that has characterized the last thirty years.”

“…we need a return to the highest fulfillment of which all people are capable – moral and intellectual virtues that are the same for men and women at their peaks – while recognizing the diverse qualities that men and women contribute to this common endeavor for excellence. We need a sympathetic reengagement with traditional teachings that stress that men and women share what is highest, while accepting that their passions, temperaments, and sentiments can differ, resulting in different paths to those high standards shared in common.”

“In the absence of a clear idea from their distant, distracted fathers of what it means to be a man…bored and frustrated youths react…by reverting to the crudest stereotype of ‘macho’ violence…”

“[S]ome hold that we should try to abolish ideals of manliness altogether and make more rigorous efforts to create a genderless pesonality free of male violence…But it is not so simple. The last thirty years have in fact witnessed a prolonged effort at social engineering throughout our public and educational institutions. Its purpose is to eradicate any psychological and emotional differences between men and women, on the grounds that any concept of manliness inevitably leads to arrogance and violence toward women, and to rigid hierarchies that exclude the marginalized and powerless. This experiment was meant to reduce violence and tensions between the sexes. And yet, during this same period, ‘macho’ violence and stress between men and women may well have increased.”

“[T]he absence of a father is one of the strongest predictors of violence among young men…at least as important as poverty, lack of education, or minority status…The casualties of [feminism’s and the sexual revolution’s] hard, bright credo of selfishness are today’s underfathered young men, many of them from broken homes, prone to identify their maleness with aggression because they have no better model to imitate.”

“A strong case can be made that manly honor, and shame at failing to live up to it, are the surest means of promoting respect for women. Moreover, manly anger and combativeness can provide energy for a just cause…The point is not to eradicate honor and pride from the male character, but to rechannel those energies…to some constructive moral purpose.”

“[T]he first step…is to rescue the positive tradition of manliness from three decades of stereotyping that conflates masculinity with violence, hegemony, and aggression. We have to recognize that men and women are moral and intellectual equals, that decent and worthy men have always known this, and that, while men and women share the most important human virtues, vices, and aptitudes, they also have different psychological traits that incline them toward different activities.”

“Again, the point is to channel these energies into the development of character. Boys and young men still want to be heroes, and the way to teach them to treat girls and women with respect is to appeal to their heroism, not to try to blot it out.”

“Having failed to find an authority they can respect, someone to guide them from boyish impetuosity to a mature and manly vigor of judgment, [young men] confuse authority with oppression.”

“It is precisely in traditional understandings of manly pride and honor that we will find the only sure basis for respect between men and women. The best way of convincing young men to treat women with respect is to educate them in those traditional virtues of character that make it a disgrace to treat anyone basely, dishonestly, or exploitively. Moreover, the surest way of raising young men to treat young women as friends rather than as objects for sexual exploitation is to appeal to their natural longing to be honored and esteemed by the young women to whom they are attracted.”

“[I]f anything impresses us about our forebears, judging from their lives, letters, and diaries, it is the refinement of their affections for one another, and of men’s esteem for women in particular…boys and young men today need to be reintroduced to the tradition of manly civility, to supplement our contemporary insistence that all romantic stress between men and women can be solved by the adjudication of rights and the stigmatization of exclusively male traits of character.”

About Newell:

Waller R. Newell is professor of political science and philosophy at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. He was educated at the University of Toronto and Yale University. The author of numerous books and articles on Classical, Renaissance, and Modern European political philosophy and literature, he is a contributor to the Weekly Standard and other publications. He has been a fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., and the National Humanities Center in Research Triangel Park, North Carolina, and a John Adams Fellow at the Institute of United States Studies at the University of London.

JOB’s Comment:

I will discuss the book and the passages cited from the introduction asap.

Monadens natur

Ur läran om monadens odelbarhet följer att den icke kan ha uppstått genom födelse och att den icke kan upplösas i död, eftersom dessa skeenden innebär sammansättning av tidigare åtskilda delar respektive åtskillnad av tidigare sammansatta.

Monadernas fönsterlöshet innebär att de icke upprätthåller några relationer till en yttervärld och icke kan påverkas eller förändras av en sådan, och att all intersubjektivitet och interaktivitet blir omöjlig. Anden som individuell monad, skriver Renaut, “produit ses représentations sans recevoir nulle sensation provenant du monde extérieur, donc qu’il les engendre à partir de lui-même“. [Op.cit. 129.] “Les seules modifications concevables dans la monade seront…qualitatives, la monade ne se transformant qu’en demeurant la même, sans rien quantitativement gagner ni perdre.” [Ibid.]

Monaden måste försås som “une conscience produisant d’elle-même la multiplicité de ses représentations sans être divisée par cette multiplicité”: [Ibid. 130.] vi finner ett subjekt “qui se constitue comme tel sans nulle relation à un autre que lui-même, qui donc, s’il se trouve limité (fini), ne l’est point par sa relation à l’autre, mais par autolimitation, une subjectivité sans intersubjectivité, une identité à soi qui se pose sans relation à l’altérité d’un monde ni d’un autre moi“. [Ibid. 130 f.]

Monadens individualitet består av en enhet i mångfald: i alla sina olika succesiva tillstånd måste monaden vara närvarande och oförändrad i sin ouppdelade enkla identitet. Utan en sådan bestående enhet är i själva verket förändringens variation omöjlig att föreställa sig. Monaden är själv källan till sina tillstånds förändringar, och förändras icke själv av dessa.

Det är här Leibniz talar om perceptionen som definierande monaden. Men Leibniz’ perceptionsbegrepp är vitt och omfattar också omedvetna nimmelser. Renaut framhåller hur perception för Leibniz helt enkelt endast betecknar “la présence d’une multiplicité d’états dans une même unité”. [Ibid. 132.] De i inskränkt mening andliga själsmonadernas medvetna, reflekterade nimmelse benämner Leibniz som vi sett istället apperception. Emedan perceptionen ensam konstituerar monadens individualitet, söker Renaut häri stöd för sin kritik mot Heidegger:

“[D]ésigner la perception comme une propriété de toute monade, c’est moins faire de la subjectivité la marque de l’être que concevoir cette subjectivité comme un cas particulier d’une structure plus englobante (celle de la perception), en vertu de laquelle tout ce qui est est un individu (l’unité indivisible d’une multiplicité): l’aperception comme figure de la perception, la subjectivité comme figure de la monadicité (individualité)”. [Ibid.]

Principen för förändring av monadens inre tillstånd benämner Leibniz appetition, “une capacité dynamique de changement produisant des états toujours nouveaux et désenveloppant la multiplicité comprise dans l’unité monadique”. [Ibid. 133.] I denna process bevaras monadens enhet eftersom “le multiple est inscrit dans son identité à soi” och eftersom “elle en déploie d’elle-même, par appétition, le contenu tout entier”. [Ibid.] Succesionen av olika tillstånd utgör därför “moments de l’auto-déploiment de l’identité”. [Ibid. 134.]

Contra Heidegger hävdar nu alltså Renaut att det med denna filosofi inte är den mänskliga subjektiviteten som definierar all verklighet; i den finner vi snarare konturerna av “l’individualisme, avec pour détermination constitutive de l’individualité l’indépendence privée” än av “l’humanisme, avec pour vocation l’engendrement, par reconnaissance réciproque et limitation réciproque des sphères d’activité, d’un espace public ou culturel d’intersubjectivité”. [Ibid. 131.] Det bör noteras att det här är Fichte i högre grad än exempelvis Habermas som inspirerat Renauts uppfattning av subjektiviteten som intersubjektivitet. I epistemologiskt hänseende är det en postkantiansk fiktion.

I sitt försvar för autonomin vänder sig Renaut mot det hos Leibniz som Lindbom försvarar, samtidigt som han också vänder sig mot att hos Leibniz i stället för autonomin härskar en individualism som Lindbom nedtonar. Till Renauts analys måste dock, tror jag, vissa väsentliga om än här tentativt formulerade tillägg göras.

Exempelvis förefaller han underskatta vikten av den perspektiviskhetens tematik hos Leibniz som innebär att monadernas olikhet i viss mån beror av olikheten i uppfattning av helheten, att de i sig slutna substantiella enheterna, fastän utan att träda i någon relation av reciprocitet eller påverkan, också sägs bestämmas i sin unicitet av sina inbördes relationer och av de distinkta perspektiv på helheten som beror av dessa.

Genom sin konstitutiva ändlighet äger alla monader också enligt Leibniz ett varierande mått av oklara perceptioner, genom vilka föreställningen om den materiella substansen uppstår och den sanna nimmelsen av all verklighet som levande och andlig – verkligheten, det icke-fenomenella, består i sig endast av Gud och monadernas system som i-sig-verklighet – fördunklas. Varje monad rymmer utöver sin aktiva formprincip också en passiv “materie”-princip, vilken icke är detsamma som kroppslighet utan endast ett passivt moment av outvecklad potentialitet som förklarar monadens ändlighet och ger upphov till de oklara, förvirrade nimmelserna. Detta förklarar också olikheten i nimmelse, d.v.s. delvis olikheten själv, mellan monaderna.

En tidig avhandling av Leibniz behandlade den gamla frågan om individuationsprincipen. Genom sin monadlära kan Leibniz förena de olika ståndpunkter som vill förlägga denna princip till formen respektive materian: monaderna förenar dem båda, om än på nytt sätt, och utgör själva i deras ursprungliga mångfald av unika materiell-formella enheter såväl individuationens princip som dess verklighet.

Monaden är sin värld, och ingenting externt bestämmer dess identitet och unicitet. Men samtidigt är dess värld och dess individuella “programmering” också i förhand bestämd av dess relativa position. Snarare än att den har sitt perspektiv, och är någonting annat, är monaden delvis just sitt perspektiv på världen/universum.

Här finner vi väl en av de mest komplexa frågorna rörande Leibniz’ filosofi, och, återigen, ofta nog framstår hans åskådning som motsägelsefull. Renaut konstaterar att på grund av läran om monadernas förhållande till världen/universum/helheten Manfred Frank, som till skillnad från Renaut som filosof vill försvara både den allmänna subjektiviteten och, inom denna, individualismen (och dessutom en distinkt förståelse av personen), kommer till slutsatsen att inte heller någon verklig individualism ännu kan tillskrivas Leibniz’ filosofi. I sig, d.v.s. ur Guds perspektiv, är individualiteten nämligen för Leibniz blott en ur den allmänna helhetens begrepp härledd partikularisation och därmed icke i egentlig mening irreducibel och inkommensurabel, icke absolut singularitet.

Bortser vi från Lindboms värdering av Leibniz’ uppfattning av den personliga odödligheten i här aktuell mening förenar sig Franks tolkning här med Lindboms. Renaut medger visserligen tolkningens riktighet, men hävdar att den skenbara anslutningen till den förindividualistiska traditionen endast syftar till att möjliggöra en diskret glidning från den monadiska autonomin till oberoendet. Förutan denna glidning skulle den moderna individualismens senare utveckling, kulminerande hos Nietzsche, ha varit en omöjlighet. [L’ère de l’individu, 150 f.]

William D. Cohan: Money and Power

How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World

Doubleday, 2011     Amazon.com

Book Description:

From the bestselling, prize-winning author of The Last Tycoons and House of Cards, a revelatory history of Goldman Sachs, the most dominant, feared, and controversial investment bank in the world

For much of its storied 142-year history, Goldman Sachs has projected an image of being better than its competitors – smarter, more collegial, more ethical, and far more profitable. The firm – buttressed by the most aggressive and sophisticated p.r. machine in the financial industry – often boasts of “The Goldman Way”, a business model predicated on hiring the most talented people, indoctrinating them in a corporate culture where partners stifle their egos for the greater good, and honoring the “14 Principles”, the first of which is “Our clients’ interests always come first”. But there is another way of viewing Goldman – a secretive money-making machine that has straddled the line between conflict-of-interest and legitimate deal-making for decades; a firm that has exerted undue influence over government since the early part of the 20th century; a company composed of “cyborgs” who are kept in line by an internal “reputational risk department” staffed by former CIA operatives and private investigators; a workplace rife with brutal power struggles; a Wall Street titan whose clever bet against the mortgage market in 2007 – a bet not revealed to its clients – may have made the financial ruin of the Great Recession worse. As William D. Cohan shows in his riveting chronicle of Goldman’s rise to the summit of world capitalism, the firm has shown a remarkable ability to weather financial crises, congressional, federal and SEC investigations, and numerous lawsuits, all with its reputation and its enormous profits intact. By reading thousands of pages of government documents, court cases, SEC filings, Freedom of Information Act papers and other sources, and conducting over 100 interviews, including interviews with clients, competitors, regulators, current and former Goldman employees (including the six living men who have run Goldman), Cohan has constructed a vivid narrative that looks behind the veil of secrecy to reveal how Goldman has become so profitable, and so powerful. Part of the answer is the firm’s assiduous cultivation of people in power – dating back to 1913, when Henry Goldman advised the government on how the new Federal Reserve, designed to oversee Wall Street, should be constituted. Sidney Weinberg, who ran the firm for four decades, advised presidents from Roosevelt to Kennedy and was nicknamed “The Politician” for his behind-the-scenes friendships with government officials.  Goldman executives ran fundraising efforts for Nixon, Reagan, Clinton and George W. Bush. The firm showered lucrative consulting or speaking fees on figures like Henry Kissinger and Lawrence Summers. Famously, and fatefully, two Goldman leaders – Robert Rubin and Henry Paulson – became Secretaries of the Treasury, where their actions both before and during the financial crisis of 2008 became the stuff of controversy and conspiracy theories. Another major strand in the firm’s DNA is its eagerness to deal on both sides of a transaction, eliding questions of conflict of interest by the mere assertion of their innate honesty and nobility, a refrain repeated many times in its history, most notoriously by current Goldman CEO Lloyd Blankfein’s jesting assertion that he was doing “God’s work”. As Michiko Kakutani’s New York Times review of House of Cards said, “Cohan writes with an insider’s knowledge of the workings of Wall Street, a reporter’s investigative instincts and a natural storyteller’s narrative command”. In Money & Power, Cohan has marshaled all these gifts in a powerful and definitive account of an institution whose public claims of virtue look very much like ruthlessness when exposed to the light of day.

Reviews:

“[A] definitve account of the most profitable and influential investment bank of the modern era…recounts these events capably…[and explains] Goldman’s cultivation of a reputation for brilliance unique even in the rarefied precincts of Wall Street…gives readers the information they need to ponder whether investment banking has moved in a constructive direction.”  The New York Times Book Review

“Destined to be a runaway bestseller…There’s no shortage of Goldman clients, rivals, and former employees willing to explain how greed and recklessness led Goldman to become too big, too powerful, and even too conflicted to fail. As one Goldman alum puts it, ‘I saw what they did to their customers…They’d steal from them, rape them, anything they could do.’ It worked like a charm…[Cohan] has produced the frankest, most detailed, most human assessment of the bank to date. Cohan portrays a firm that has grown so large and hungry that it’s no longer long-term greedy but short-term vicious. And that’s the wonder – and horror – of Goldman Sachs.”  Businessweek

“A well-researched history and analysis of the world’s most powerful investment bank. Written with the co-operation of the top people at Goldman, Cohan’s book is neither a hatchet-job nor a whitewash – and all the better for that.”  The Financial Times

“[Money & Power] offers the best analysis yet of Goldman’s increasingly tangled web of conflicts…The writing is crisp and the research meticulous, drawing on reams of documents made publicly available by congressional committees and the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission.”  The Economist

“[E]xhaustive, revelatory account of the rise and rise of Goldman Sachs…engrossing…penetrating…Cohan revels in a good bust-up and lingers over anecdotes involving intrigue….All the senior partners still living spoke to him, often very candidly, and only a few from the next ranks seem to have refuse…a vast trove of material.”  The Financial Times

“A former Lazard Freres & Co. banker and newspaper reporter, Cohan brings the bank’s sometimes ‘schizophrenic’ behavior to vivid life…Drawing on more than 100 interviews with clients, competitors and Goldman leaders including Chief Executive Officer Lloyd C. Blankfein, Cohan evinces an eye for telling images and an ear for deadpan quotations.”  Bloomberg

“In Money & Power, journalist and former investment banker William D. Cohan launches a quixotic quest to show that Mr. Blankfein and his peers are money-sucking evil-doers that came to their riches mostly by nefarious means…(full disclosure: I was once a Golman Sachs employee myself)…Mr. Cohan’s complaints against Goldman seem to be that it is ‘ruthless’ in pursuit of profit; doesn’t do enough to protect its instutitional clients from making bad decisions; works too closely with government; too often advises clients on both sides of a deal; and skirts close to the line of ‘insider trading’.”  Mary Kissel, The Wall Street Journal

About the Author:

William D. Cohan is the author of the New York Times bestsellers House of Cards and The Last Tycoons, which won the 2007 FT/Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award. He is a contributing editor at Vanity Fair, has a bi-weekly opinion column in The New York Times, and writes frequently for The Financial Times, Fortune, The Atlantic, and the Washington Post, among other publications. A former investment banker, Cohan is a graduate of Duke University, Columbia University School of Journalism and the Columbia University Graduate School of Business.

Apperception och anamnes

Självmedvetandets fenomen äger enligt Hauser den negativa bestämningen “Nichtreduzierbarkeit auf die identité reelle” och den positiva bestämningen “asymptotische Annäherung an den ins Unendliche gesetzten Grenzwert”. [Sidnummer saknas i mina anteckningar, sannolikt i närheten av citaten i de följande styckena.] Och dessa bestämningar täcker två olika betraktelsesätt hos Leibniz, dels ett monadologiskt, inriktat på “identité reelle” och gränsvärdet (genom logiken, matematiken, och några få satser ur metafysiken som låter denna metafysiska verklighet med tillräcklig klarhet förstås av förnuftet), dels ett “pneumatologiskt”, inriktat på det icke reducerbara och det asymptotiska närmandet.

Det är nu apperceptionerna som enligt Leibniz “font paroistre l’identité reelle”. [Ibid. 76.] Apperception betecknar “den bewussten und reflexiven Akt eines geistigen Wesens, das sich auf seine nicht-bewussten, ursprünglichen und vollständigen Perzeptionen qua monadisches Ich bezieht”. Den har till uppgift att söka inre överensstämmelse med det monadiska jagets, den verkliga identitetens, perspektiv och innehåll. Men icke heller genom denna strävan uppnår vi helt den identitet mellan självbevetenheten och det monadiska jaget som skulle innebära det förras övervinnande av all fenomenalitet och sammanfallande med sin verklighetsgrund. En skillnad finns således mellan vad vi är för oss själva och vad vi är för Gud:

“Die empirische Selbstreflexion wird der geforderten Notwendigkeit im Begriff des monadischen Ich nicht gerecht. Insofern wissen wir nur abstrakt, dass wir als Monade notwendiger Zusammenhang aller unserer Perzeptionen sein müssen. Wir können diesen Zusammenhang aber nicht vollständig durchschauen und haben für uns somit nicht den Begriff für uns selbst.” [Ibid. 83.]

Men hur kan det monadiska jagets ursprungliga och fullständiga perceptioner, d.v.s. dess varhet, vara helt enkelt omedvetna för självmedvetandet, oaktat dettas alltid kvarstående grad av fenomenell betingadhet? Det synes kräva två helt olika och skilda varheter. Leibniz’ ofta formellt osystematiskt framställda tankar i dessa ämnen tycks rymma sådant som närmar sig eller tangerar verkliga insikter, men också uppenbara teoretiska svårigheter.

Man kanske kan säga att det hela handlar om ursprungliga andliga väsen, som nödvändigt utvecklar en erfarenhetsvärld, men samtidigt i sitt medvetande på något sätt förlorat kontakten med sin egen transcendenta ursprunglighet. Den för oss tillgängliga identiteten, den personliga eller moraliska, är beroende av “esprit”-nivåns varhet. Men detta innefattar inte bara reflexionen utan också minnet. Till skillnad från Lockes omfattar Leibniz’ minnesbegrepp (memoria: Augustinus’ motsvarande begrepp finns ständigt närvarande i bakgrunden) utöver de för den personligt-moraliska identiteten väsentliga, med Lockes gemensamma funktionerna, som också för Leibniz’ personbegrepp är centrala (personae conservatio) [Trendelenburg, 15 f.] också platonsk anamnesis, varigenom det är en “zwar nachträgliche, aber doch unmittelbare Innerung der ursprünglichen, monadischen Perzeption, in der sich die Wahrheit zeigt”. [Hauser, 86.]

Minnet utgör därför, liksom reflexionen med dess olika funktionssätt, en övergång, om än ofullständig, från den fenomenella erfarenheten till det verkliga varat, från det kontingenta till det aprioriskt nödvändiga, från “pneumatologin” till metafysikens rationella psykologi, från “das empirische Ich qua personale oder moralische Identität zum monadischen, substantiellen Ich”, [Ibid. 86 f.] varigenom den andligt självbevetna monaden höjer sig över de lägre monaderna, som metaforiskt uttryckt blott speglar universum, till det egna seendet: “La difference entre les substances intelligentes, et celles qui ne le sont point, est aussi grande que celle qu’il y a entre le miroir et celuy qui voit.” [Hauser, 89; cit. i not 106.] Hauser ser här samma typ av uppfattning om förnuftets framsteg som uttrycks av Platon i grottliknelsen och senare, mutatis mutandis, av Kant, Fichte och Hegel i deras respektive uttryck för tilltro till förnuftet. [Ibid., not 106.]

Aldous Huxley: The Perennial Philosophy

Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2009 (1945)

Amazon.com

Book Description:

An inspired gathering of religious writings that reveals the “divine reality” common to all faiths, collected by Aldous Huxley.

“The Perennial Philosophy,” Aldous Huxley writes, “may be found among the traditional lore of peoples in every region of the world, and in its fully developed forms it has a place in every one of the higher religions.”

With great wit and stunning intellect – drawing on a diverse array of faiths, including Zen Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Christian mysticism, and Islam – Huxley examines the spiritual beliefs of various religious traditions and explains how they are united by a common human yearning to experience the divine. The Perennial Philosophy includes selections from Meister Eckhart, Rumi, and Lao Tzu, as well as the Bhagavad Gita, Tibetan Book of the Dead, Diamond Sutra, and Upanishads, among many others.

Back Cover:

A marvelous gathering of selections from the world’s religions with a commentary by Huxley.

The perennial philosophy is defined by the author as “the metaphysic that identifies a divine Reality subtantial to the lives of world of things and lives and minds”. With great wit and stunning intellect, Aldous Huxley examines the spiritual beliefs of various religious traditions and explains them in terms that are personally meaningful.

“It is important to say that even an agnostic…can read this book with joy. It is the masterpiece of all anthologies. As Mr Huxley has proved before, he can find and frame rare beauty in literature, and here, long before Freud, writers are quoted who combine beauty with profound psychology.”  The New York Times 

I am amazed at the range of the author’s knowledge…It is both an anthology and an interpretation of the supreme mystics, East and West. There are well-known books on Western mysticism. There are studies of  Oriental and Mohammedan mysticism, but this is the first time that anybody has adequately covered the entire field and showed an equal familiaqrity with all fields. It is a magnificent achievement.”  Rufus M. Jones

“Mr Huxley writes as well as ever, occasionally with brilliance and wit, but now and then, in his absorption and other-worldliness, he soars clean out of sight.”  The New Yorker

Wikipedia article on the book

JOB’s Comment:

Scholars, and other perennialists (especially in the traditionalist school), have later criticized aspects of this book, but its historical importance cannot be denied. In the late 1970s, it was still one of the most widely read books among those who entered upon the spiritual quest.

Perhaps I should not include so many blurbs in these references posts, however. The NYT one here, reprinted on the cover of all of Harper’s – the original American publisher – many editions, seems a little stupid. It is remarkable that Huxley has found writers who combined beauty with profound psychology long before Freud? Freud combined beauty with profound psychology?

The subtitle added in recent editions, which seems to be taken from Jones’s blurb – An Interpretation of the Great Mystics, East and West – I cannot find in earlier ones.

It is, I think, important to note that Huxley showed an awareness of the spiritual reality, and at least the possible meaningfulness of reorienting one’s life towards it or in accordance with it, at least as early as the novel Those Barren Leaves (1925) – one of the novel’s main characters, Calamy, actually makes that choice. Many are unaware of this and think Huxley was at that time a social satirist only.